Hacking Essay -- Technology, White Hat, Back and Grey Hat

Decide whether hacking into a Web website is ever legitimate, applying your hypothesis to a certifiable case where somebody hacked into a framework, including the name of the organization and subtleties. When all is said in done, hacking or all the more explicitly breaking isn't reasonable because of the negative meanings related with the term. Programmers are commonly arranged into three classifications, white cap, dark or dim cap (Arnone, 2005). White caps are staff that are regularly utilized to discover openings, infiltrate or misuse a security framework so the organization can take remedial activities. Dark caps are commonly related will vindictive action (breaking, for example, creating and sending infections, worms, robbery or harming a framework. The dark caps are some place in the middle of the white and the dim caps. Arnone talks about how the national government is using programmers to test their own safety efforts and figure out how to make sure about their frameworks by seeing how programmers work and addition passage into organize frameworks (Arnone, 2005). The white cap programmer has demonstrated an incentive by indicating an organization where their security vulnerab ilities lie. White programmers are additionally sought after. They are recruited by advisors for some Fortune 500 organizations to discover outer and inward shortcomings and report them all together for those gaps to be shut (Wiles, 2008). There are a few occasions wherein hacking can be defended. Hacking for National Security can be legitimized albeit dubious. The military has been utilizing hacking strategies for a considerable length of time. While not explicitly attached to a PC, they have tricked the adversary utilizing counterfeit radio stations, for example, the arrangements for the attack of Normandy in World War II. The military has observed radio discussions by eavesdro... ... continually developing dangers and progressively complex digital crooks, AT&T attempts to remain one stride ahead. The organization's modern system screens, tests, and calculations to recognize known or suspected infections, worms, and other Internet assaults †regularly devastating them before they arrive at an enterprise† (AT&T, 2011). AT&T stresses singular carefulness with respect to their own record data. AT&T will never request any record data by means of email or via telephone. Should you get such requests, treat it as fake. AT&T has cautioned the digital team of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to give help and look at our security frameworks to forestall a future break. We treat this break intense and keeping up your trust is our most elevated need and we apologize for the incontinence this security penetrate caused. Genuinely,

Use of marijuana for medical purposes in Florida Essay

Utilization of weed for clinical purposes in Florida - Essay Example According to these researchers, the synthetic concoctions contained in cannabis have part of potential for treatment of different ailments. Because of these reasons, an ever increasing number of individuals bolster the contentions with respect to making it lawful for therapeutic reason (Norml, 2015). Truth be told, an ever increasing number of states in the nation are sanctioning the utilization of cannabis in meds. Till the last check, twenty four conditions of the nation have permitted the utilization of pot for different therapeutic purposes. As respects legitimizing pot, the essential US partners are the law requirement wing, the clinical network and obviously, the residents. According to an overview, the most grounded supporters of authorizing cannabis are the 18-35 age gatherings (Millennials). Then again, the most vociferous resistance is from the age gathering of 70-87, the Silent Generation (Pew Research, 2015). The individuals who are supporting the utilization of weed call attention to that pot can be utilized for different restorative purposes. One of the primary employments of therapeutic pot is to diminish torment. There can be numerous reasons of the torment, for example, an ordinary cerebral pain or a deadly sickness, for example, malignancy, or any drawn out medical problem, for example, nerve torment or glaucoma (Harding, 2015). On the off chance that the patient remains in a state where it is lawful to buy clinical pot, the individual in question can get weed card with authorization of the specialist. Further, the individual in question can join up with the rundown so they can buy clinical maryjane from any approved merchant. Different ailments where clinical cannabis can be recommended are weight reduction that is caused because of incessant ailment, for example, nerve torment or HIV, the seizure issue, muscle fits because of various sclerosis and Crohn’s illness. Some other medical problems incorporate the treatment for sickness caused because of disease chemotherapy (Harding, 2015). Despite the fact that there are specialists who swear with respect to the therapeutic

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Bard Colleges New MBA in Sustainability

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Bard Colleges New MBA in Sustainability MBA applicants tend to overvalue rankings and so can overlook some strong business schools that might be a good fit. In this series, we profile amazing programs at schools that are typically ranked outside the top 15. Sustainability is more than a mere buzzword or one elective specialization among many in the brand new Bard MBA curriculum, launched this past fallâ€"it provides the grounding for an integrated core of economic, environmental and social education. In this way, Bard offers an innovative approach to business, drawing on multidisciplinary perspectives and ecological thinking to prove that profitability can be compatible with a sustainable and socially responsible mission. Another rather unique feature of the Bard MBA is its low-residency structure, entailing monthly “weekend residencies” that focus on various learning “modules,” in addition to online instruction. Because of the programs proximity to New York City, this structure allows students to participate in NYCLab, a program in which students work in small teams to gain hands-on experience consulting for businesses, government agencies and nonprofits. Students have the opportunity to work with such firms as Terrapin Bright Green, Unilever (as part of its Sustainable Living Plan) and TransitCenter, Inc. Share ThisTweet Bard College MBA Diamonds in the Rough

Graduation Speech At Western Kentucky University - 1380 Words

When I was in high school, college was something I only dreamed would one day be an opportunity for me. Coming from a tough childhood with little opportunity, college was one of many things that I felt was just out of my reach and unattainable. With hard work, perseverance, and dedication I made my dream come true. One of the proudest accomplishments of my life was earning my Associates in Arts, and continuing on to my Bachelor of Social Work. This experience has taught me to value my ability to work hard toward what I want to accomplish, dedicate myself to what I am passionate about, and persevere even when things get especially hard. These factors make me a strong candidate for entering the Master of Social Work program at Western†¦show more content†¦Becoming a young mom at fourteen to a child with special needs and later spending time in foster care taught me how one person can truly make a difference in another’s life. I learned how important it was to advocat e and speak up. These experiences opened my eyes to the need of social workers. My experiences have greatly contributed to my personal knowledge. While it does not define who I am, it has shaped the person I am today. I will bring my passion for learning and knowledge to the classroom. Education is so important to me. I believe that I can contribute to classroom diversity by sharing my personal experience, values, and my own point of view to help others consider other backgrounds and experiences. In addition, I hope to do the same and learn from my classmates. 1b. I am currently completing my BSW Practicum. I am completing my practicum at Woodland Elementary School Family Resource Center (Hardin County Schools). Since beginning my practicum, I have gained a lot more experience and knowledge of the skills and roles of a social worker. In the beginning of my practicum, I was not sure what to expect. However, I have learned more about social work roles and have gotten to gain experience as a case manager, broker, advocate, educator and facilitator. I also feel more confident and comfortable utilizing social work skills like active listening, assessing

The Digital Conversion in Television Essay - 3407 Words

The Digital Conversion in Television Introduction Television is now in the process of converting from analog to digital technology. The significance of this change is greater than the introduction of color TV in the 1960’s, but more complicated since conversion will require new equipment for all consumers. Unlike color TV, digital television (DTV) uses a new kind of signal that does not fit within the structure of the old signal. DTV refers to a specific standard being implemented in the United States to carry a television signal in digital form through all stages of its transmission, not just for digital equipment such as video tape recorders and satellite receivers that have already been used in conjunction with analog†¦show more content†¦HDTV has a specification called 1080i, which is so named because it has 1,080 horizontal lines of resolution transmitted in an interlaced manner, which means that when the lines of each frame of the video are sent, only the even-numbered lines are sent for one frame, then only th e odd-numbered lines of the next frame. Another HDTV format is 720p, which has 720 horizontal lines, but all lines are progressively sent for each frame. One SDTV format is 480p (480 progressive horizontal lines). A DTV signal can carry five channels of digital audio at the level of quality used by compact discs. This accommodates the demand for high-quality, movie theater-style sound. In the realm of analog television, this level of sound quality can only come from recordings, digital satellite transmissions, or digital cable signals, not over the air from a local TV station (Churchill). An example of DTV’s extra function and flexibility is the system called Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP), a data service that allows TV users to view schedules and read descriptions of programs transmitted through cable or on the air. This is one standard that the National Cable Television Association and the Consumer Electronics Association agreed on; it is probable that cable operators and television stations may devise numerous ancillary data services related to entertainment orShow MoreRelated Digital Television Conversion Essay example612 Words   |  3 PagesDigital Television Conversion If you are not connected to cable TV or have a non-digital television, be prepared to either throw it out or convert it into a fish tank. With the increase in technology, the television medium is becoming a more advanced system and is incorporating new standards for their networks and customers. Digital cable is more popular than ever and is being used to launch new capabilities in a couple of years. On February 17th, 2009 all over-the-air television stations areRead MoreSampling System And Its Effect On The Speed Of System982 Words   |  4 Pagesother sampling system.Sampling is the reduction of continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of samples Wideband photonic compressive sampling system is a type of sampling system mainly used for periodic nonuniform sampling. Sampling is the reduction of continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave to a sequence of samples. In this system we are using a type of sampling using photons. a widebandRead MoreWe Must Start Up Your Computer1713 Words   |  7 Pagesprecious minutes of bonding time, but somehow I think you ll manage. Television sets and computer monitors have one thing in common, which is the fact that they both are display devices. Apart from this, there are many differences in the way these both work. The format of the output is different; there is no similarity in the connectors and also the screen resolution has nothing in common. But this doesn t mean that a television set cannot be used as a computer monitor. All you have to do is thatRead MoreShift Communications : A Top Tier Marketing Firm1337 Words   |  6 Pagesmedia in many books and in publications like the Washington Post, BusinessWeek, Wall Street Journal, New York Times, U.S. News World Report, and on television networks such as CNN, Fox News, PBS, CNBC, and ABC News. As recently as 2012, Forbes Magazine awarded Penn the prestige of being among the top 50 Most Influential People in Social Media and Digital Marketing. Before Penn joined Shift, he directed inbound marketing at an email marketing company called WhatCounts, and co-founded PodCamp New MediaRead More HD TV over IP Networks Essay example2818 Words   |  12 PagesBandwidthnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;12 Cost and Feesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;12 The HDTV Advantagenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;13 Referencesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;14 Introduction About CBN Century Broadcast Networks, CBN, is a premiere home entertainment television network with five distinctly different channels. Each channel has its own unique name, most channels use the CBN name, and one in particular uses an entire different name. Each channel is maintained at a separate geographic location called broadcastingRead MoreCase Study Movie Exhibition Industry Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesWith the advancements in home entertainment systems consumers are investing thousands of dollars into their own home viewing systems. They have several options to stream video content into the comfort of their own homes. Theaters have implemented digital content and 3D but it’s not enough to keep up with the competition of technology. My analysis will give you information on the threat of competition from substitutes and the change in buyer behavior and demographics. I will use the five-forces modelRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Ge Healthcare- Digital Marketing1003 Words   |  5 Pages GE Healthcare- Digital marketing KULDIP MEDHE GE healthcare deliver services to people around the globe using transformational medical technologies. Among them are services such as biopharmaceutical manufacturing technologies, medical diagnostics, medical imaging and information technologies, patient monitoring systems, drug discovery, and performance solutions services. The ultimate goal of using digital marketing strategy is for customer and market acquisition. The reason being is acquireRead MoreDigital Marketing Is A Constant Changing Source Of Shopping Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesIn the simplest terms, digital marketing is using electronic media to promote products or brands. Digital marketing is different than traditional marketing in that it involves the use of methods and channels that enable an organization to examine marketing campaigns and comprehend what is working and what isn’t – normally in real time. Digital marketers perceive things like what is being observed, how often and for what length of time, sales conversions, what content works and what does not workRead MoreRadio Research Paper914 Words   |  4 Pageswirelessly transmits or receives signals in the radio frequency (RF) part of the electromagnetic spectrum to facilitate the exchange of information. In todays world, radios exist in a huge number of items such as computers, vehicles, cell phones and televisions. Traditional hardware based radio devices limit cross-functionality and can only be modified through physical intervention. This results in higher production costs and minimal flexibility in supporting multiple waveform standards. By contrast, softwareRead MoreMovie Analysis : Film Trends848 Words   |  4 Pagesand draw of movies that year, the lack of blockbuster films. There are more reasons why moviegoing is on the decline. Due to the fast growing digital entertainment and social competition. People have smartphones, tablets, large screen HD TVs and instant video and movie streaming. There is higher quality television programming and because of the access to digital devises it is keeping people away from the movie theaters. These are some of the reasons why the 2014 summer box office was one of the worst

Short Run And Long Run Effects - 1405 Words

Short Run and Long Run Effects In the short run, both global demand and supply of oil are relatively inelastic because it is difficult for them to make large adjustments to price changes in a short period of time. When oil price rises, oil consumers, such as manufacturing firms and households, may not be able to reduce their demand for oil immediately. For example, individuals still need to drive to work and manufacturing firms with long-term contracts still need to run machinery to meet target output. Similarly, an increase in oil price would not stimulate oil supply in the short run. Additional supply generally requires the exploration of new reserves and construction of new infrastructure for delivery which require substantial†¦show more content†¦Simultaneously, traditional manufacturing sectors would suffer from rising input costs and reduced competitiveness in the international market. The net effect would be a decrease in total real exports. Moreover, the reallocation of resources, labor and capita l would occur in favor of oil industry. The extent of these long run effects would depend on the magnitude of initial price shock and the duration of price increases. Impacts of Rising Oil Prices on Canadian Output A significant increase in oil price would have little impact on Canadian overall output but large regional and sectoral implications. The oil-producing provinces would benefit from rising income while the oil-consuming ones would suffer due to the higher cost of living and production. This would also lead to reallocation of capital and labor across energy and other industries. Potential impacts are expected to be more pronounced in the long run than in the short run because of relative inelasticity of oil demand and supply in the short run. Canada is the world’s fifth-largest oil producer, with daily production of more than 3.6 million barrels in 2015 (Statistics Canada). Despite large national production, Canada only produces about 5% of world’s total daily production and thus does not have large influencing power on the international oil price. Since February 2016, oil price has shown an upward trend. It soared from USD$29.44 per barrel in February 2016 to USD$54.45 per barrel in FebruaryShow MoreRelatedAggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply911 Words   |  4 Pagesand Aggregate Supply 11. For each of following events, explain the short-run and the long-run effects on the output and the price level, assuming policymakers take no action. (a) The stock market declines sharply, reducing consumers’ wealth. AS1 AS2 AD1 AD2 Y2 Y1 P1 P2 P3 LRAS A B C P AD-AS diagram Output 0 Since the stock market declines sharply, the people’ wealth are being affected. In short run, it leads to a fall in aggregate demand which would shift aggregate-demandRead MoreAs/Ad Model1332 Words   |  6 PagesEconomists who focused on the short run * John Maynard Keynes - their leading advocate * the originator of macroeconomics as a separate discipline from micro * Classical Economists – economists who focused on long-run issues such as growth * Aggregate Demand Management – government’s attempt to control the aggregate level of spending in the economy * Equilibrium Income – the level of income toward which the economy gravitates in the short run because of the cumulative cyclesRead MoreAggregate Demand And Aggregate Supply1154 Words   |  5 Pagesto answer a single question at the end of a study week. But being able to make a brief summary, on the other hand, will steer you up. This week work was in the domain of aggregate demand and aggregate supply: the long run and the short run, recessionary and inflationary gaps and long-run economic equilibrium, determining the level of consumption and aggregate expenditures and aggregate demand. I have been able to retain that aggregate demand is the total quantity of goods and services that a householdRead MoreThe Positive Relationship Between Inflation And Inflation1067 Words   |  5 Pagesother. In many cases, the combination of these variables can have an unexpected effect on the economy. One of these examples can be observed when we compare inflation and unemployment rate. To establish this comparison in a short-run period of time, it will be beneficial to use the Phillip Curve. This curve can be used as a tool to represent the positive relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short-run. In order to comprehend the positive relationship between inflation and unemploymentRead MoreThe And Long Term Shareholder Wealth Effects Of The Acquiring And Target Firms1339 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: This study aims to evaluate both the short term and long term shareholder wealth effects of the acquiring and target firms. Furthermore, the study will assess the relationship between the actual stock market reactions to mergers and acquisitions (MAs) announcements by examining the merger between First Busey Corporation and Main Street Trust Inc. First Busey Corporation is a financial holding company headquartered in Urbana, Illinois and Busey Bank is its subsidiary. Main Street TrustRead MoreEconomics Chapter 14 Answers994 Words   |  4 Pagesaggregate supply model, in the long run what is the impact of an increase in the money supply? Answer Selected Answer:   Ã‚   It leads to increased price level, but there is no change in real GDP. Correct Answer:   Ã‚   It leads to increased price level, but there is no change in real GDP. Question 2 1 out of 1 points Which of the following would make the price level decrease and real GDP increase? Answer Selected Answer:   Ã‚   Long-run aggregate supply shifts rightRead MoreMicroeconomics Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesincreased substantially in the last three years, as a result of that; there have been apparent changes in the demand for electricity for the consumers and it has affected the producers supply market. In the following essay, we are going to look at the effect of the increase in the price of electricity in South Africa, using the supply and demand framework. The reason for the increase of the price of electricity is to balance out the supply and demand of electricity. The National Energy Regulators of SouthRead More. Amos Mccoy Is Currently Raising Corn on His 100-Acre Farm and Earning an Accounting Profit of $100 Per Acre. However, If He Raised Soybeans, He Could Earn $200 Per Acre. Is He Currently Earning an Economic Profit? Why or Why Not?890 Words   |  4 Pagesfor your own Internet business. What will be your fixed and variable costs? Briefly discuss. 5. Explain the shape of the long-run average cost curve. How firms use the long-run cost curve to make choices about production? 6. What is the relationship between marginal cost and average cost? Briefly explain. 7. What distinguishes a firms short run period from its long run priod? Briefly explain. 8. As a farmer, you must decide how many times during the year to plant a new crop. Also, you mustRead MoreThe Effect Of Monetary Policy On Determination Of Coal Prices1013 Words   |  5 PagesTo examine the effect of monetary policy on determination of coal prices in the U.S., we rely on a dynamic framework of cointegrated vector autoregression (CVAR). The prerequisite requirement for the application of the CVAR approach is that the selected variables must be nonstationary (i.e., I(1) series). The presence of a unit root in the variables is thus tested using the Dickey Fuller generalized least squares (DF-GLS) test (Elliott et al., 1996). Panel A of Table 1 reports the results of theRead MoreThe Snap ( Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ) And Wic ( Women, Infants, Children ) Programs864 Words   |  4 Pageschanges on the supply and demand of rice. In the short run the price of rice will rise and the demand curve of rice will shift outward. This effect will take place beca use of SNAP’s proposed limitations. If the members of SNAP are limited to only food staples they will find themselves demanding more rice than before. This shift will cause an upward movement along the supply curve. There will be an increase in the quantity of rice supplied in the long run because the demand will have grown from the limitations

Novel Chapter free essay sample

In Lies It was the middle of July, yet her hands were shaking violently in a cold sweat; her whole body was shivering in fear. A single, icy teardrop dripped down her pale cheek and rolled off her long eyelashes as she blinked. Why did he have to go? Flakes eyes darted back and forth across the empty streets, looking for a sign of hope, but all she saw were dirty, old men smoking in an alleyway by the trash cans. She carefully looked away, being sure not to make eye contact, or let them see her face. Why must I always lose the ones I love the most? He whispered to herself In a cracked voice. The old men snickered as she walked past, one getting up to approach her. Guy ala a lend nun, the man who got up, now drinking a bottle of beer yelled, as he smirked and motioned for her to come over to where they were sprawled on the filthy cement, like pieces of garbage. We will write a custom essay sample on Novel Chapter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Say hoi! she screamed at them, running In a random direction. She ran as fast as she could, tears pouring out of her glossy eyes almost In rhythm with her footsteps. It felt like 30 minutes had passed and she still was running, but she didnt care about the time. Escape, escape, theyre after you run, run, run, her mind kept telling her, the same words repeating over and over like a broken record. A ringing phone interrupted her thoughts, so she stopped instantly and glanced around to see who else was out In the middle of the night, in the middle of nowhere. Not a single person was there, all around. Its your phone, Blake, you Dildo, she said to herself, rushing to pull her phone from her small black bag before it stopped ringing. H-h-h-ell? she whispered, almost out of breath from running, as she wiped the remaining tears from her face.Hey, did you get home alright? a male responded. It was him. It was Kevin. Kevin, who had Just spent every single one of the past 10 days of summer with her, who had bought her chocolates, and held her hand when she felt scared. Never before had she felt so relieved, and yet so miserable, when talking to him. N-n-o.. Lam lost, she stammered. This is all my fault, Im so sorry. Are you okay? Do you know where you are? he quickly replied in a concerned tone. Im trying to remember the way home. The minibus stopped running at 12:30 and Eve already tried getting taxis, but when I waved at them they Just drove by.My neighbor said a young girl reported to the police that she was raped around this area by an old man and he never was caught. Im so scared, Im all alone, I dont know what to do. Please just keep talking to me, dont hang up, please dont hang up. she mumbled, scared out of her mind. All the possible ways of death were running through her mind at that very moment. She thought to herself, l could get kidnapped and held hostage in one of these Industrial warehouses and no one would even notice I was gone until morning. Kevin interrupted her thoughts and answered slowly but surely, Blake, listen to e, Im here, k?Just keep talking to me. Blake looked all around; her green eyes surveyed the darkness of the dimly lit village, trying to catch a glance over the medium height buildings by walking further up the slope she was on. Standing on her tiptoes, she looked over a dirty, cream- colored building and saw only mountains. As her gaze drifted back down, she suddenly saw an alleyway, which looked somewhat inviting in an evil, yet subtle, way. It looked so dark, dreary, and damp, its taunting allure tempting her to step closer and closer. Just as soon as she started to process this picture, her whole body huddled and went straight into panic mode.She began to sprint, picturing the men in the alleyway calling to her. Come here pretty girl, come here pretty girl, come here pretty girl, they were almost chanting it, coming after her. She shook her head and shouted, Its not real, its not real, its not real, but her body thought otherwise, and she kept sprinting. Blake . Blake. Blake.. .. Blake BLAKE! a voice called out of the darkness. She halted and screamed; her body almost paralyzed with fright. Who-whos there? Dont hurt me, dont touch me, and please dont hurt me! Blake, I wont hurt you.I wouldnt ever hurt you. You know that! Whats going on? Are you hurt? If you were in danger I wouldnt ever forgive myself. Blake, answer me, its Kevin! he replied. He was almost going insane worrying about her- he knew they both shouldve gone home earlier instead of talking until midnight, two hours away from her home. Yet, he didnt regret anything. It was his last night in Hong Kong and he was aware that the next few months apart would be torture for the both of them. But, he did not mean for her to be in danger, in fact that was one of his greatest fears: losing her.She had almost forgotten that her phone was still in her right hand, and Kevin was still talking, his deep voice comforting to her. Blake leaned on the wall of an old factory building, took a deep breath, and slowly slid down the wall, until she was sitting on the dusty concrete of a sidewalk. She leaned her delicate head, full of blonde hair, against the bricks and took a second to try to pull herself together, as best as she could. Her eyes closed, her mouth parted, and she began to speak, holding herself for comfort. Kevin.. .. I cant handle this all by myself, but I have to.Im lost in the middle of the night with no way home. I have nothing to rely on. Youre leaving tomorrow; you might as well get some rest. If this happens a month from now, you wont be here to help me, so I should learn to depend on myself now. She was staggering her breaths, trying not to cry, but she couldnt hold back her tears. Her eyes were red with pain, and her lips swollen from the salt in her tears. Blake, stop crying, please Just listen to me. Blake, are you there? he replied. Blake, please answer me now. Do you hate me? Kevin asked in an anxious manner.No, I dont hate you, Blake barely whispered. She was hurt though. All this time she was lost, she had completely forgotten. It had only been two days since she had accidentally seen one of Sevens messages to his friend James, in which he blatantly stated, After Blake and I break up, Ill be fine, but shell be heartbroken. What can I say; shes not a big loss to me. worth more than the world to me. I wish I could hold you right now and wipe away all your tears. She didnt answer, and he started to feel somewhat concerned. Blake? miss? She weakly, slowly, and softly cried out.Her pain was evident, so very obvious that Kevin couldnt restrain himself from weeping. He let go of his pride and his dignity, and started to cry. He realized that he had been deceiving himself the whole time. She was the most amazing girl in the whole world and he had almost messed up his only chance with her. l love you. Kevin whispered. l loved you too. Blake whispered back, feeling the worst shed ever felt in her entire life. Wait, Blake- Kevin said hurriedly, in a scared and panicky voice. Goodbye. She cut him off, wiped one last teardrop from her cheek, and hung up the phone.

South Africa Essays (2318 words) - Provinces Of South Africa

South Africa South Africa South Africa is the southernmost part of the continent of Africa. It is one of the earth's oldest and stable landmasses. This is why there are no folded mountain ranges. The only mountain ranges that are similar to that kind of range, would be those in the southern tip. This is where the north-south ranges meet an east-west range in the Paarl area. The rest of the country has been slightly pitted so that interior lakes like the Okovango Delta have no outlet to the sea. Most of the country is at an elevation of 3,000 to 6,500 feet above sea level. South Africa lies north of 35 S latitude and is surrounded on three sides by the Indian and Atlantic oceans. Two large high-pressure areas control the weather in South Africa brought over by both of the oceans, in the winter a belt of depressions moves northward to bring rains to the south. During the summer moist tropical air masses migrate southward, bringing frequent thunderstorms. There are not many rivers in South Africa, and those few are not navigable. The unpredictable rainfall makes drought in the areas a very common problem. The towns and cities cannot depend on a consistent source of water for the year. Water supplies for both the town and the country must be very well planned, so there is no drought. Wells are usually the source for irrigation and general water supply in the countryside, however the urban and industrialized areas need the use of dams. On the major rivers of South Africa it is easy to see many of the plus 360 dams that have been built. These are easily found on the Orange, Vaal, Limpopo, and the Tugela rivers. Many of the dams provide hydroelectric power to the national electricity grid. Located on the upper Orange River are two of the largest dams in South Africa. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was developed to supply water to the Transvaal industrial area by mid 1990's. Even though there are an abundant amount of dams in the coun try, the populations of both city and town must persevere intermittent water rationing. In spite of the amount of land that South Africa encompasses, surprisingly only 15% of the land is arable. Even so, South Africa exports any of its crops including wine, fruits, vegetables, corn, and cane sugar. Dairy and beef cattle are raised in many different areas, including sheep and Angora goats to provide wool and mohair. Natural vegetation has been changed greatly through overgrazing, seasonal burning, and introducing new species. Subtropical forests nurtured by spring and summer rains have been displaced by grasslands, exotic trees; east of the Drakensburg escarpment. Only one area of the Southern cape has a perennial rainfall, the Knysna and George districts. This rainfall has a true hardwood temperate forest in which the species such as stinkwood, sneezewood, yellowwood, and ironwood survive. Farther westward, the natural tree life fades and the grassy upland, otherwise known as the Highveld, prevails. As one travels further west the rainfall decreases and the thorn-tree c ountry begins. Thin grasses and sparsely covered areas become more prevalent. These areas are commonly called the Kalahari Desert and the bare Namib desert. The Western Cape province has a Mediterranean type of climate, referred to as a summer dry climate. The vegetation is found to be shrubby with waxy leaves, and pine and oak trees. Northwest of this region are low scrub, cactus, and aloes. These plants dominate the areas of Little and Great Karroo. It is quite obvious that the areas change very much by each mile because of the unsteady amount of precipitation, and South Africa's climate. Gold mining produces as by-product called uraninite. This product is then converted into uranium oxide for local use and export. Gem-quality and industrial diamonds are both mined in large quantities and sold on world markets. Significant deposits of iron ore are mined for local use and export. Immeasurable reserves of bituminous coal are exploited for thermo-electric power and for worldwide export. There is a singular nuclear power plant at Koeburg that supplies the west with electric power, because this area is very far from the coalfields. South Africa does have

What Is an AP Scholar Advantages and Requirements

What Is an AP Scholar Advantages and Requirements SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You might think the term â€Å"AP Scholar† just refers to anyone who takes studying for AP exams really seriously. But it’s actually an awards program offered by the College Board.In this article, I’ll go over what an AP Scholar is, what you need to achieve to become one, what it means to be one, and some tips on getting the award if it’s something you’re interested in. What Is an AP Scholar? An AP Scholar is, broadly speaking, someone who has received an award from the College Board for doing well on several AP exams. There are several award levels according to how many exams the student scored highly on, as well as their average AP score. What Does It Mean to Be an AP Scholar? If you have an AP Scholar award, you can list it on resumes and college applications. It will signal that you did well on multiple AP exams. The designation will appear on your official AP exam scores, and you will receive a certificate in the mail the September following the time you receive the designation. Sadly, you do not get any money from this award, but it’s nice to have recognition of all your hard work!Of course, the higher-up your designation, the more impressive it is. Gold star for you! AP Scholar Awards and How You Earn Them What â€Å"level† of award you are offered generally depends on three criteria: How many AP exams you have gotten a score of 3 or higher on. Your average AP exam score. Where your high school is located. You can receive the next â€Å"level† of award in subsequent years as you take more AP exams.In this table, I’ll lay out all the criteria for the different AP Scholar award tiers- the AP Scholar requirements, if you will. AP Scholar Requirements Award Designation School Location Requirements Score/Number Requirements Required Average AP Score on all APs taken AP Scholar (none) 3 or better on 3+ AP exams (n/a) AP Scholar with Honor (none) 3 or better on 4+ AP exams 3.25 AP Scholar with Distinction (none) 3 or better on 5+ AP exams 3.5 National AP Scholar United States 4 or better on 8+ AP exams 4 National AP Scholar (Canada) Canada 4 or better on 5+ AP exams 4 National AP Scholar (Bermuda) Bermuda 4 or better on 5+ AP exams 4 State AP Scholar (granted to 1 male and 1 female student per state) Each US state Greatest number of exams with scores of 3 or higher in the state Highest average of those who took the greatest number of exams with scores 3+ DoDEA AP Scholar (granted to 1 male and 1 female student) DoDEA(Department of Defense Education Activity) school students Greatest number of exams with scores of 3 or higher in DoDEA schools Highest average of those who took the greatest number of exams with scores 3+ International AP Scholar (granted to 1 male and 1 female student) Attends school outside US or Canada that is not DoDEA school Greatest number of exams with scores of 3 or higher in international schools Highest average of those who took the greatest number of exams with scores 3+ Step one to becoming an AP Scholar: pick your books off the floor. How to Becomean AP Scholar If you want to be an AP Scholar, at the most basic level you need to take AP exams! You also need to make an effort to score a 3 or higher on every exam you take, not just the minimum number for the Scholar designation you’re going for since lower scores will bring your average down and limit your ability to meet the score average requirements to be an AP Scholar. If you want to meet a certain level before you apply to college, you’ll need to take the requisite AP exams by the end of your junior year, so that you’ll get the award by your senior fall. However, my recommendation would be not to stress too much about the AP Scholar program. For one thing, when you get to the highest levels of the award, whether you get the award or not is somewhat outside of your control, since you can’t control how many AP exams other people take or what their average score is. If you get an AP Scholar award, great! But colleges will be able to see your complete AP score report either way, and they know which APs and AP courses are most challenging. It’s better to take a rigorous course of study and not quite qualify for the next Scholar level than to front-load with content-light APs to get the award. This strange baby-man is actually a National AP Scholar. Key Takeaways The AP Scholar awards are a series of awards given by the College Board for students who have gotten high scores on a number of AP exams. There are different â€Å"levels† of the award depending on the number of AP exams a student has gotten a high score on, their average AP exam score, and where they go to school. If you want to be an AP Scholar, you’ll need to take AP classes and be sure to do well on your exams! However, I don’t recommend stressing too much about these awards - your time is better spent on other projects that will be more impressive to colleges. What's Next? To prep for AP success, see when you should start studying for AP exams, and how you should prepare. If you're thinking about other AP achievements, you might be wondering if you need an AP test perfect score.Or you may want to know the average score for each AP exam, or even how AP exams are scored. Trying to figure out your AP schedule? See our guides to which AP exams to take, and how many APs you should plan on taking. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

GRNS402 Carbon Farming Initiative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

GRNS402 Carbon Farming Initiative - Essay Example Carbon absorbed by plants is stored in plant tissues which are then consumed by animals (Cameron, 2011). Carbon in plant tissues can also be taken to the soil through decomposition when plants die. Carbon is stored in soils in the form of organic matter. This is a compound combination of compounds of carbon containing decomposed plant tissues and animal tissues and carbon that is associated to soil minerals Carbon dioxide that has currently led to change in climate are resulted from agricultural activities (Kimble, Lal & Follett, 2002). Carbon however can also be stored for a long term in the soil through the process of soil carbon sequestration. In carbon farming, the main aim is to remove carbon that is available in the air and convert them to plant material. The farming practice is successful when there is more gain of carbon from the atmosphere that results from enhancement in land management and conservation to exceed loses (Kimble, Lal & Follett, 2002). Conservation tillage is a process that can be used to minimize manipulation of the soil for production of crops. Practices included in this aspect are mulch tillage, cover cropping and crop rotation. Forests are also play an important role in sequestering carbon in the soil on farms (Bates, 2010). Carbon Farming Initiative enables farmers and those that manage firms to make recognitions of carbon through keeping carbon or reduction of gas released on land from greenhouse. The credits obtained credits can be traded to individuals and productions with the desire to balance their releases (Swingland, 2003). Rules governing carbon farming have changed. The changes in the sector have been integrated with Emission Reduction Fund. In the changes, there are activities that can be carried out in farming as brought out under the Carbon Farming initiative (Cameron, 2011). The activities fall

BMW and UN Global Compact Principles Case Study - 4

BMW and UN Global Compact Principles - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the long experience and exposure of manufacturing such a high quality product has earned a respectable status for us in comparison with the several competitor automobile manufacturing corporations, on the foundations of which our company is in a position to make suggestions and recommendations to the Local Network regarding the strict observing of the UN Global Compact principles while exercising corporate strategies and observing business activitiesJohnson & Scholes suggest that strategy formulation might apparently be obtained through the analysis of the organization’s environment and the extent to which the company’s resources or strategic capability are matched with the environment. (1993: 156). Our company looks for the unconditional observing of moral values and corporate ethics on the basis of Global Compact principles in order to provide the consumers the superior commodities on the one hand and best and healthy com petitive corporate environment on the other. Columbia University Press views that corporate ethics have developed as people have reflected on the intentions and consequences of their acts. From this reflection on the nature of human behavior, theories of conscience have developed, giving direction too much ethical thinking. (cup.edu.com) BMW Automobile has devised the slogan of â€Å"sheer driving pleasure† because of its unique outlook, comfortable inside accessories and unparalleled garnishing, which have won the status of one of the most demanded automobiles by the elite stratum of all countries. Bidgoli argues that international markets offer vast opportunities for firms with a product or service in high demand. Newness, cultural adaptation, attractiveness, and appropriate marketing strategies can help tremendously.† (2009, 9) The same is applied to BMW, which adopt all schemes in light of all the ten UN corporate principles. The present paper focuses on Principles No. 7 & 8, recommended by the UN Global Compact, which state: (7). Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; (8). Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility. (unglobalcompact.org) BMW fulfills both of them in their real sense. BMW adopts the Evolutionary corporate perspective articulated by Whittington. The process vehemently looks for the gradual human growth on the basis of Darwinian biological evolution theory â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†, where the notion warns the companies regarding the existence of perfect competition prevailing in the market; only those can survive who are the fittest according to the changing scenario and latest developments being made within the environment. In other words, the industries that are environmental-friendly as well as able enough to mold their strategies according to the alterations being made in the commercial environment, make sure headway on the way to progress. Recom mendations: i) Establishment of Corporate Environment with an Evolutionary Perspective: Benefits & Implications: a. Automobile community can assure its survival provided it sticks to the Darwinian doctrine of adaptability according to the changes within the environment. The companies should be encouraged to devise and revise their strategies keeping in view the global market scenario. b. Our company’s plans and schemes show the light of hope to the network members, where they learn the implementation of dichotomous business policies by cut-short of expenditures and price of product subsequently to make it affordable for consumers.  

Functions Of The Operating System Computer Science Essay

Functions Of The Operating System Computer Science Essay Introduction A personal computer consists of two components, the hardware and the software. Hardware are basically physical components of the computer, in other words, they are tangible such as the motherboard, graphic card, hard drive, sound card, keyboard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ etc. Software on the other hand are series of programs, algorithms, procedures, and data that provide instructions and tell computers what tasks to perform and how to perform the tasks. Software are classified into two main types: application software and system software. Example of application software includes Skype, Microsoft office, iTunes, Windows Media Playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. System software is divided into two classes, utility program which includes Anti Spyware, Anti-Virus, firewallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. In order to have the computer to run a system, to manage all the hardware and software, and sending an output to a device by recognizing an input, the computer must have an operating system (OS) OS are set of software written with various data and programs that contain instructions and procedures to incorporate and perform the aforementioned tasks; almost every personal computer comes with a preloaded OS. Types of Operating Systems There are three main type of OS, there is the standalone OS, embedded OS and the server OS. These OSs usually have similar functions. Most personal computer uses the standalone OS. Mobiles, PDA uses the embedded OS such as Palm, Android, iPhone OS, Symbian, Blackberryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. The server OS are used for configuring and backup purposes, example of the server OS would be UNIX, Solaris, and Windows Server 2008. Functions of the Operating System and how it Works The OS plays a vital role when it comes to starting and shutting down the computer which is also known as booting. Six steps take place when a computer is booting: The first step begins as soon as the computer is turned on, the electrical signal reaches to the components in the system unit through the power supply. During the second step, the processor chip is reset due to the electric signal and then it locates the ROM that contains the basic input/output system (BIOS), which is a firmware that contains the startup instructions of the computer. Next, the BIOS launches a series of tests to ensure hardware are working and connected properly, known as the power on self-test (POST), usually when the POST launches, the LED lights of the devices flicker, at times there will be messages displaying on the screen. The forth step takes place when the POST compares the result with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip data. CMOS uses battery power to preserve the information, data, and memory when the computer shut down. Besides that, it detects new devices and identifies them when these devices are connected to the computer. The beep sound usually results when the CMOS detects which later followed by the error messages. The fifth step proceeds when the POST completes without any interference where the BIOS will locate the OS files also known as the system files from any source of drive. The sixth steps occurs when the system file is located, which is then loaded into the RAM from its storage along the kernel of the OS. The system file then launches, and finally, the OS which was stored in memory takes control of the whole computer system. During the final step, the OS loads the information setting. Certain OS may request for user ID and password. After the OS loads, it displays the desktop screen and it starts up background processes. The second function of the OS is by providing a user interface. The two types of user interface are the graphical user interface (GUI) and the command-line interface. The GUI basically provides user with an easy way to perform a command or task by having the menus with buttons or other pictures to allow user to click it with ease. Instead of having simple buttons to click on, advance users work with command-line interface to configure, manage and troubleshoot devices and other software. The command-line interface works only with commands by using the keyboard. To perform such command, one must type in the commands accurately with the exact spellings and punctuations. OS also manages programs. It depends on certain OS, some OS can only run one program at a time, while some can run up to thousands of programs at the same time with one or multiple users. There are the single user/single tasking OS, single user/multitasking OS, multiuser OS, and the multiprocessing OS. When one multitasks, the program that is actively used by the user is said to be in the foreground, while the other programs are known to be in the background. The OSs fourth function is memory management. The OS does so by transferring the data and program instructions from the RAM to the hard disk when they are not needed at the moment because at times there is only limited space for the RAM when it has to perform other functions, when the same data and program instructions is needed again, the OS then transfer them from the hard disk to the RAM. The fifth function of the OS is coordinating tasks. As the phrase implies, the OS determines the order of the tasks which are processed. User can adjust or set the priority of certain tasks, in which result the other tasks to queue up until the preceding task is performed. Every hardware has a driver which acts like a manual. The sixth function in this case, allows the computer to identify and install it without having the computer to thoroughly learn all the details of the hardware. With the Plug and Play technology today, the OS can automatically configure the new devices as the devices are installed on the computer. The OS is also very important by providing a consistent way for software to deal with hardware without having the computer to thoroughly learn all the details of hardware. The OS interacts with the hardware via drivers. An easy example would be installing a printer to many computers. The seventh function allows user to easily connect to the internet instead of having to configure the tedious broadband service. OS can automatically configure the internet connection. The OS also function as a performance monitor, which in this case identify and reports information about the software or the devices of the computer. File management allows user to easily access their files and documents by allowing users to organize it. It also allows user to search or locate their files at ease and install new programs or software. The ninth function is important because without it, the computer will be a mess where all the files and programs are not well organized and randomly wonders in the computer. The OS also provides other utility such as cleaning up, defragmenting, diagnosing, and backing up the files and disks. With internet access, the OS is able to notify the user or update software automatically when an update is available. Many OS today comes with the automatic update feature. These updates are useful when it comes to fixing program bugs and errors. Sometimes, these updates can enhance the performance of the driver. Last but not least, the OS is also meant for controlling the network and administering security by providing an administrator account. A typical account usually consist of the user ID and password. Without the OS, the computer is said to be useless and unable to perform. The example of a personal computer OS are: Windows7, Mac OS X, Linux, Amigo, Haikuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Operating System Details Name of OS Company Current version Average Price Capabilities Additional Info. Amiga OS 4 Hyperion Entertainment 4.1 Update $164 eCom Station Serenity Systems OS/2 Home Student (5 licenses)- $149 Business Edition (unlimited licenses) -$259 Haiku Haiku Inc. R1/Alpha2 Free Mac OS X Apple Inc. 10.6.7 Bundled with hardware Upgrades: $29-$49 OS/2 IBM and Microsoft 4.52 $300 PC-BSD PC-BSD Software 8.2 Free Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows 7 (Build 7601: Service Pack 1) Home Basic (Retail) $99.95, Home Premium (Retail) $119.95, Business (Retail) $299.95, Ultimate (Retail) $300.95 RISC OS Acorn Computers,  Castle Technology,  RISCOS Ltd,  RISC OS Open RISC OS  6.10 Select4i4 and RISC OS 5.13 Bundled with hardware Sold separately at $127 ZETA yellowTAB 1.2 Discontinued ReactOS ReactOS development team 0.3.13 Free Ubuntu Canonical Ltd.  /  Ubuntu Foundation 11.04 Free Linux based Google Chrome OS Google Inc. 0.12.433.57 (Beta)   Beginning at $349 Linux based Windows 7 versus Mac OS X Snow Leopard Interface GUI (ease of use) Desktop Image retrieved from arstechnica.com The differences between the Windows 7s desktop (on the left) and Mac OS Xs desktop (on the right) is that the Windows 7 allows you to add gadgets on the windows sidebar gadgets. In addition, if a program is running on the Windows 7, you are able to see that the application icon is highlighted at the bottom. Whereas, to see whether a program is running on the Mac or not, it requires an additional steps by putting the mouse arrow to the second last icon on the Mac OS Xs dock. A list will appear indicating which programs are in use like the image bellow. Image retrieved from arstechnica.com It can also be seen in the previous image, that the position of the desktop icon and the minimize, restore down/up, and close buttons are different. In Windows 7, the desktop icon default position is on the left, and the buttons are on the top right of the windows explorer. On a Mac OS X, the positions as well as the order of the buttons are different, having this order from the left close, minimize, and restore up/down. Toolbar/ docks Image retrieved from arstechnica.com Instead of using the feature call toolbar, the Mac OS X uses something call the dock to locate the applications and so on. As one can reference from the image below, the dock actually looks graphically nicer than the windows toolbar. As the user place the mouse arrow along the dock, the software icon will expand slightly indicating it is selected. Image retrieved from arstechnica.com However, say when the same internet browser is been launched twice, windows 7 Compatibility Hardware (drivers) HDD>file system types :format cannot support OS Commonly used File System Types Windows7 Mac OS X FAT Yes FAT16 Yes No FAT32 Yes No NTFS Yes Yes (Read only) Software (games) Chemistry sketch Internet explorer Gunbound Emulators: no$GBA, ndsemume Maple story Boot Camp BOOT CAMP (Window7 thing) Price( bought separately, MAC is always bundled with hardware) Performance Speed Battery/power consumption If one can never convert just a simple criticism to a form of motivating device, yet taking it personally and one will never learn Overall Users preference

Population: The Growing Problem Essay -- Science Biology Papers

Population: The Growing Problem History of Earth's Population From the beginning of time until 1850, the world population had been steadily growing until it finally reached the point of one billion people. Hurray for our species, we are successful and have been able to make adaptations in order to survive! Then, only 80 years later, the world population doubled to a whopping 2 billion citizens. After that, the doubling time was sliced once again. By 1960, just thirty years later, three billion people called Earth "home." Seventeen year later, in 1977, the world population hit four billion people. In 1986, nine short years later, we reached a population of 5 billion inhabitants. Sometime in the next few years, we are looking at crossing the 6 billion mark (Davidson 1995). The notion, debate, and warning behind overpopulation is nothing new. The theologian Tertullian, in 200 CE, wrote, "What most frequently meets out view (and occasions complaint) is our teeming population." He continued by exclaiming that "[the global population] numbers are burdensome to the world, which can hardly support us." At the time of this statement, the global population totaled a mere 190 million people (Lambert 1995). In 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus, possibly one of the best-known writers and debaters of overpopulation, wrote an essay entitled "Principle of Population." In this composition, Malthus suggested that humankind was, currently and forever more, playing a hopeless game of population vs. natural resources. This game, he continued, would end with a vast number of humans losing the battle. Malthus presented this doomsday scenario of global overpopulation as closely connected with famine and starvation. His belief was that human po... ...9). World population and development. New York: Syracuse University Press. "Ireland." The 1996 grolier multimedia encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Danbury: Grolier, 1996. Lambert, T.A., Olin, J.M, Abernethy, V.D., Barroso, C., Sen, G. (1995). Women and population. Environment, 37, 3. Sanger, M. (1931). My fight for birth control. New York: Maxwell Reprint Company. Sax, K. (1955). The world's exploding population. Boston: Beacon Press. Scanlon, M. (1997, September). The new population bomb. Mother Earth News, 163, 48. Wattenberg, B.J. (1997, November). The population explosion is over. The New York Times Magazine, 60-63. Wilson, E.O. (1992). The diversity of life. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. World-wide web 1: "United nations population fund moves day of six billion based on new population esitmates." 30 October, 1998.

Integrative Problems and Virtual Organization Strategy Paper Essay

Different types of threats for each different approach much each are carefully considered to ensure that the right approach is chose. There are benefits and risks for each approach. The threats must be read and understood appropriately. The first approach would be about Patton Fuller Community College going through with an IPO. An IPO is also known as an Initial Public Offering. The IPO is the first stock sale is a public offering that sales shares of stocks from a company to people within the â€Å"general† public. Some of the threats that Patton Community Hospital could go through if the IPO is pronounced publically would be that the people who make large investments for important things like retirement, they are putting their retirement at risk because the market can be very good to people at times, but it is not a sure thing. â€Å"†This is the most negative piece of legislation I’ve ever seen,† frets William Elmore of Foundation Capital.† It will dampen capital formation. Anyone standing to create wealth by building a growth company would face putting personal assets at risk.† There will be fewer future IPOs if some founders choose not to go public as a result of lingering concern† (Mamis, Robert A. (1997). Going public puts a lot of people in a position to create an opinion immediately and this might be a bad thing because business could slow. Some of the threats that could take place if another organization from the same industry is acquired the company that is being acquired (if it is the buying company) will end up in quite a bit of debt because it will end up costing more in the long run. â€Å"Because a public company’s stock is relatively liquid, it can be used as the currency to acquire other businesses and fuel further growth. Many owners of successful private enterprises are happy to sell their businesses in exchange for the marketable securities of a growth company† (QWOTER.CO. (2013). The threat that opposes here would be that even through with this approach there is a good chance of the business being larger and better, but this would mean that there is also the risk that the company is making the wrong move, and this could fail just as easy as it could succeed. This means that a threat would be that the business could go downhill. For example, if the other business acquired has a bad person worki ng for them or a bad rep, this will now include all companies involved. Patten Community Hospital also faces threats of merging with another company’s. Some of these threats would include debt, legal issues or standards, and mutual understanding and respect for all company’s involved. Merging a company can be very costly. This could mean putting the Company who is buying into some serious debt. This would not be good for either one of the merging parties. It would be smart to weigh every decision very carefully when choosing to merge companies because you want to make sure that everything legal is discussed and agreed upon to ensure that there are no misunderstandings. Also any business’s that are considering merging should meet and get to know the other business owner well before making the final decisions because there are so many different types of business, different types of strategies, different types of techniques, and different types of ideas and styles. Business owners that merger businesses may be very settled on the way th at he or she runs their business. Therefore this may cause conflict. Businesses can be very successful from merging their businesses together if a good team strategy and no conflict. View as multi-pages

Burmese Python Predatory Species Of The Florida Everglades...

Burmese Python Predatory Species of the Florida Everglades The Burmese python has become a predatory species in the Florida Everglades. The Burmese Python has slowly been taking over the Florida Everglades eating small animals and causing massive destruction. The reason for this problem is the growth rate of the species occurring all over the Everglades. The ecosystem is perfect for the ever growing population of Burmese pythons in the Everglades. Pythons have migrated to the Florida Everglades by irresponsible pet owners and escaping from their homes. A group of researchers collected data to support the theory that the overpopulation of snakes is killing off the mammal population. Ashley Townsend, National Geographic writes, â€Å"the python population has continued to grow at a remarkable rate and has caused great distress to the park s ecosystem.† For this study, the researchers at the South Florida Water Management District recorded the rates of live and dead mammals duri ng a nocturnal road survey and compared it to the 1996-1997 road surveys. Scientists for the South Florida Management District, stated, â€Å"Researchers noted that the animals in the park were dying at a greater rate since the python population has gotten so enormous.† According to Donald Marcus, director for Corbett Wildlife Center, â€Å"there is a vast amount of data supporting the theory that scientists have conclusively proven the Burmese python population is a major reason for theShow MoreRelatedThe Burmese Python ( Python Bivittate )1511 Words   |  7 Pages. The specific species this paper will focus on are the Burmese python (Python bivittate), the Lionfish (Pterois), and the Brazilian pepper tree (schinus terebinthifolius). These specific invasive species have been chosen for their diversity in the animal kingdom and their large impact on the Florida Everglades and Florida’s ecosystem. These species all negatively impacted the host environments. The different types of harm caused by these species include overpopulation from no predator in new location

Population Growth Density Dependent Factors Abstract...

Population Growth: Density dependent factors Abstract Sets of experiments were used to assess the growth rate of the Lemna minor, a duckweed population. The growth of Lemna minor was observed and followed by counting and recording the number of thalli on a weekly basis. These experiments were constructed lab models which varied the size of the starting thalli population, and varied the nutrient concentration the thali were placed in. In the first experimental model two plastic cups were prepared with pond water, then two healthy lemna minor plants were placed in the first cup while fifteen healthy lemna minor plants were placed in the second cup. The second experimental model consisted of four nutrient concentrations, a control model of no nutrients, a low nutrient model, a medium nutrient model and a high nutrient model. At high density populations, we observed a nonlinear decreasing growth rate with increasing lemna minor density. At very low densities, as expected, we observed an inverse density dependence. Duckweed reproduces by budding, causing a larger density to reproduce a greater amount of biomass. This would indicate that Duckweed likes overcrowding, and this may be a possible clue to the limiting factor in the growth of Duckweed. Introduction Lemna minor, commonly known as duckweed, is efficient and fast growing, making it an ideal experimental organism. It is known as a small aquatic monocotyledon which can be found floating in ponds, lakes or streams (Harper,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects of Population Density on the Reproduction and Survival of Daphnia Magna2308 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract The population dynamics of Daphnia magna are observed under three different conditions; low, medium, and high density. The effects of different population densities on the survivorship and reproduction of Daphnia are observed over a two-week period within a lab environment. Over the two week period, the numbers of parent Daphnia alive and dead are recorded daily, along with the amount of offspring produced each day. From the main parameter investigated, the net reproductive rate, theRead MoreInstitutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run14323 Words   |  58 PagesAS A FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF LONG-RUN GROWTH DARON ACEMOGLU 1 , Department of Economics, MIT, 50 Memorial Drive E52-3806, Cambridge, MA 02142 e-mail: damn@mit.edu SIMON JOHNSON Sloan School o f h f a ~ g e m e n t , MIT, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142 e-mail: sjohnson@mit.edu JAMES A. ROBINSON Deparhnent of Government, WCFIA, Harvard University, 1033 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 e-mail: jmbinson@gov.harvard.edu Contents Abstract Keywords 1. Introduction 1.1. TheRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : A Threat Of Aphid Populations Essay8320 Words   |  34 PagesClimate Change: A Threat to Aphid Populations Abstract Global climate change is a matter of grave concern in the present scenario casting its significant and lasting effect on the flora and fauna dwelling over earth. A number of factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by earth, plate tectonics, volcanic eruptions certain human activities can be considered as key components responsible for this devastating phenomenon. Aphid populations are also under potential threatRead MoreNihms4511 Words   |  19 PagesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892–4442, USA. Abstract $watermark-text The skin is the human body’s largest organ, colonized by a diverse milieu of microorganisms, most of which are harmless or even beneficial to their host. Colonization is driven by the ecology of the skin surface, which is highly variable depending on topographical location, endogenous host factors and exogenous environmental factors. The cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses can modulateRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 PagesNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INSTITUTIONS AS THE FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF LONG-RUN GROWTH Daron Acemoglu Simon Johnson James Robinson Working Paper 10481 http://www.nber.org/papers/w10481 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2004 Prepared for the Handbook of Economic Growth edited by Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf. We thank the editors for their patience and Leopoldo Fergusson, Pablo Querubà ­n and Barry Weingast for their helpful suggestions. TheRead MoreSurvival Strategy for Startup Business10775 Words   |  44 Pagesappreciate the comments of the journal associate editor and reviewers, as well as the financial support of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. All remaining errors are ours. Product Strategies and Firm Survival in Technologically Dynamic Industries ABSTRACT Studying the US personal computer industry from its inception in 1974 through 1994, we address the following questions. What product strategies increase the survival chances of entrants into new, technologically dynamic industries? Does the effectivenessRead MoreMonte Carlo Simulation218872 Words   |  876 Pages19 21 25 32 36 39 39 39 43 44 47 49 53 54 58 63 63 65 71 79 79 79 90 93 2 3 x Contents 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.2.1 Basic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3.2.2 Path-Dependent Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3.2.3 Multiple Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Gaussian Short Rate Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Read MoreImpact of Globalization and Bangladesh18126 Words   |  73 PagesMONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Over the past decades, globalization has now become a new world order, which virtually influences everything that comes in our mind. Developing countries like Bangladesh with vulnerable geopolitical locations and weak economies are now lookingRead More4g Communication22481 Words   |  90 Pages4G WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Anto vinoth.M, Punith Maharishi.Y.R antovinoth.m@gmail.com maharishipunith@yahoo.com Abstract— Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. With this rapid development it is expected that fourth generation mobile systems will be launched within decades. 4G mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existingRead MoreRetailing Characteristics of Fast Food Stores and Their Impact on Customer Sales and Satisfaction29639 Words   |  119 Pages Research Framework and Methodology 3.1 Research purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3.2 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3.3 Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3.4 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3.5 Factor Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ï  ¶ Chap-4 Result and Interpretation 4.1 Interpretation of Result†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ï  ¶ Chap-5 Suggestions and Managerial Implications ï  ¶ Chap-6 Limitations of the study References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..

Critical Analysis Critical Thinking In The Family Man

Critical thinking is the use of your intelligence, knowledge, and skills to a question, carefully exploring situations to arrive at thoughtful conclusions based on evidence and reason. Critical thinking is used in the movie The Family Man Jack Campbell is a man who works on wall street. Jack Campbell is the top in his company, very professional, and has everything he could possibly want. Jack has thrown himself into work, and is a workaholic, he wonders what his life would be like if he had married his old sweetheart Kate. Jack gets a chance to go back, and see what his life would have been like if he had not accepted broker internship some thirteen years before. Jack falls asleep and awakes to Kate his wife, two kids, and no wall street†¦show more content†¦Workplace conflict should be addressed as quickly as possible to ensure a positive outcome for your organization. There are a lot of ways to deal with conflict in the workplace. Conflict happens in every workplace whether big or small it happens, because you are dealing with a lot of different emotions. By ignoring the conflict this can cause the situation to be more stressful and tension can arise. Leaders can improve the communication levels to build the performance level of their team. Strategies for reducing conflict: Attempt to avoid a conflict is only a fairy tale there will always be conflict within the workplace. By avoiding conflict this strategy can do away with conflict all together and be more profitable for employees. Accommodation can be one way to adjust or lower any differences, and help keep the peace among employees. Friendly competition is another way to get employees involved to help boost the company morale. Compromise is always needed to help each party come up with a positive outcome. Compromise is where both parties give up something to come to an agreement. Competing with the competition is sometimes used as a conflict management strategy. Fifth and final strategy are collaboration a collective effort in which all parties agree on a solution that benefits the entire company. Putting ideas in place could provide positive solutions, and outcomes for your company. Setting conflict guidelines can be very beneficial to yourShow MoreRelatedphi 103 week 1 reading quiz Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagescriticalthinking.org/pages/critical-thinking-teaching-students-how-to-study-and-learn-part-one/513    Points Received: 1 of 1    Comments: Question  2. Question : Paul and Elder claim that all reasoning:    Student Answer: Seeks to defeat others in arguments    Has assumptions underneath it    Is expressed through ideas and concepts    a and b    b and c    Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in â€Å"The Analysis and Assessment of Thinking† [Paul and ElderRead MoreInterpretation Of Inferences And Assumptions1512 Words   |  7 PagesINTERPRETATION OF INFERENCES AND ASSUMPTIONS 1 Interpretation of Inferences and Assumptions Diana L. Brown HUM101 – Critical Reasoning Colorado State University: Global Campus Robert Freeborough September 14, 2014 Running head: INTERPRETATION OF INFERENCES AND ASSUMPTIONS 2 Critical thinking is a part of everyday life and does not necessarily mean making a decision in a high pressure or high stakes environment. It can be as simpleRead MoreTransformative Learning : Transformational Learning1585 Words   |  7 Pages Joseph Cardello May 13, 2015 Learning paper Draft Dr. Franklin Tuner Kean University Transformative learning overview Thinking is something we all do on a regular basis. The process of using our minds to create ideas make all of our decisions or to remember our earlier experiences. Our minds are complicated structures that we have yet to understand. One man has a theory of learning as an adult and his name is Jack Mezirow. Mezirow was concerned in adulthood learning and began to interpretRead MoreAnalysis of Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesnarrator seems to have assimilated into the larger society/culture; he was a school teacher doing generally well in what we call life. Sonny on the other hand turned to drugs (heroin) to escape from the pain and suffering he endured growing up a black man in the 1950’s. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† also tells the reader about how art and music was a huge part of Black people’s lives in Harlem. Many looked towards music for an escape; Sonny turned towards Jazz to release his pain and anguish. This story does haveRe ad MoreAssignment : Conflict Resolution Interview1264 Words   |  6 Pagessystem; the Department of Family Children, a medical team, clients, and the healthcare business provider. What happened? The healthcare provider was assigned to care for critical disable twenty two year old male. The parents were separated because the mother of the twenty two year threat to kill the father with a daggers. So the courts removed the mother from the home and the father has cared for the son alone for ten years. The court system, the Department of Family Children and a medical teamRead MoreThe Life You Save May Be Your Own1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Life You Save May Be Your Own. In this story we see that Tom Shiftlet, a man from the story, is very displeased with the state of the world. In one scene of the story, mother Lucynell Crater tells Mr. Shiftlet that her car no longer runs, and Mr. Shiftlet s reply to her is, Nothing is like it used to be, lady... The world is almost rotten. (Flannery O Connor, The Life You Save May Be Your Own) So we can Critical Essay Rojas 2 clearly see here that Mr. Shiftlet is discontent and that he wishesRead MoreDeep Rooted Work On A Hard Man1427 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Deep Rooted Work on a Hard Man Flannery O’Connor was born March 25, 1925, in Savanah, Georgia. She went to what is, now Iowa University and majored in literature. She’s primarily known for her short stories but was a novelist. Flannery O’Connor passed away in 1964 after losing a battle with lupus. The piece of writing that I will be discussing is titled: â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† she wrote this work in 1953 along with several other short stories (Biography.com Editors)Read MoreRestraints Review Of Qualitative And Quantitative Studies1517 Words   |  7 Pagesthe research article, Mohler Meyer’s â€Å"Attitude of nurses towards the use of restraints in geriatric care: A systemic review of qualitative and quantitative study 2014. The incident I am going to discuss in this paper is of Mr. P., an 85-year-old man, admitted to this facility about 4 months ago. His history includes coronary heart disease, cataract, dementia, hypertension, macular degeneration and Al zheimer’s. Mr P. scored 28 of 30 on the Folstein Mini-Mental State Test, he missed the date andRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity in the Media1080 Words   |  5 Pageswhich emphasizes the connecting of masculinity to toughness and competitiveness as well as the subordination of women and the marginalization of gay men† (Trujillo, 1991, p. 290). We live society were male dominance is the order of the day, from the family arena to the workplace, and in sports in which individuals with certain characteristics and attributes as seen as normal and the rest are termed as the â€Å"other†. This paper will focus on how hegemonic masculinity has been mediated through the mediaRead MoreEssay about encoding decoding1125 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿CM382 Critical theories of communication (encoding/decoding) Critical theory is interested in power, dominance Ideology â€Å"Received wisdom† about the world (beliefs, values etc.) typically benefits people at top more than people at bottom Ideology legitimizes, justifies and naturalizes social system To analyse ideology we must uncover how the status quo provides large advantages to those who already have more power and privilege John Thompson (1990) defines ideology as â€Å"meaning

Hamlet Soliloquy Analysis free essay sample

The young prince of Denmark, Hamlet has recently lost his father. Right after this depressing event, his uncle, Claudius, takes over the entire property of his past away father: his crown and his wife (Gertrude) who is Hamlets mother. This chain of heartbreaking misfortunes leaves deep wounds on the soul of young Hamlet and his soliloquies, allowing the audience to enter his agitated mind, revealing these spiritual scars. This soliloquy is the closing part of the second act and points out the inner feelings of the prince Hamlet being affected by the tremendous acting of the player which was full of meaning to him. This soliloquy can be divided into two parts: the first part deals with Hamlet being amazed by the passion of the player toward Hecuba The queen of Troy, imagining how he would behave if he were in his situation. The second part of soliloquy deals with Hamlets self censure and his anger headed for his uncle. The tone of this soliloquy is of self criticism and can be sensed from the very first line where Hamlet expresses himself as rouge and peasant salve. Through using different techniques, Shakespeare seeks to maintain this tone from first to last of this soliloquy: One of the tools he uses to achieve this goal is by the means of exclamations made by Hamlet. For instance some of these exclamations are: all for nothing! For Hecuba! , O, vengeance! and What an ass I am! The further skill Shakespeare utilizes in order to accomplish this tone of rebuke is by the means of the rhetorical questions that Hamlet asks himself. Such as: Whats Hecuba to him or, he to Hecuba? , What would he do, had he the motive and the cue of passion that I have? and the series of questions he asks himself in the third paragraph. The last literary device used by Shakespeare to preserve this tone of self-criticisms is through using proper diction or the set of words that reveals this mood. Shakespeare uses a variety of diction on behalf of Hamlet, like dull, muddy-mettled rascal and John-a-dreams in order to tell that he is self criticizing himself . Besides for highlighting the priority of some of Hamlets words, Shakespeare employs a series of sound devices, including: Alliterations and consonances. In this soliloquy there are two alliterations applied by Shakespeare in the words of Hamlet- muddy-mettled and damnd defeat-. The first alliterations muddy-mettled emphasizes the level of Hamlets fault for not putting his thoughts into action (having delay in taking his fathers revenge) and the second one damns defeat points out the tragedy of his fathers murder. There are also some consonants used by Shakespeare while Hamlet is insulting his uncle by means of the adjectives: Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindles villain. The reason that Shakespeare uses consonants for these adjectives is to build up their effect on the audience and to present a clear appearance of the king Claudius in the mind of Hamlet. The word monstrous used by Hamlet to describe the overflowed emotions of the player for Hecuba signifies that Hamlet has been stunned by it. Shakespeare also uses the world pride while Hamlet describes the emotions of player to Hecuba in favor of revealing the high imaginative power of the player. In the second paragraph Shakespeare uses a set of hyperboles while Hamlet is imagining how the player would react if he had the melancholy and the duty of taking revenge as he has. He would drown the stage with tears and cleave the general ear, with horrid speech, make mad the guilty and appall the free, confound the ignorant, and amaze indeed the very faculties of eyes and ears. Hamlet uses such shocking Hyperboles for the reason of motivating himself to perform the duty assigned for him by the ghost of his father. Introducing Hecuba as the main emphasis of the opening part of Hamlets soliloquy, Shakespeare seeks to demonstrate that Hamlet wished her mother to act similar to Hecuba after the death of his father by not marrying his uncle and keeping this sorrow forever in her heart. In this soliloquy Shakespeare also takes the advantage of figures of speech to exaggerate Hamlets self criticism. The first metaphor deals with Hamlet comparing his dilemma and melancholy to a pregnancy. This is revealed when he mentions unpregnant of my cause This statement by Hamlet can also be considered as foreshadowing in view of the fact that pregnancy is a period full of difficulty, however when its over, it brings joy and happiness. The other metaphor used by Hamlet is when he calls himself pigeon livered for not being brave enough to take revenge. The final metaphor deals with Hamlet introducing himself as an ass; when he says: What an ass I am! this metaphor, in my opinion, is the climax of self criticism in this soliloquy. There are, also two similes used in the closing part when Hamlet compares the way he conduct himself toward his situation to a whore and a scullion. Once finishing criticizing himself, Hamlet starts passing the judgment on his thoughts as he knows them as the root cause of his delay in taking revenge. This part of soliloquy, in my judgment, is a turning point in Hamlets character since it is at this stage that his personality alters from a head to a heart character. This fact can be clearly sensed as it is right after this soliloquy that he starts taking the first serious steps of revenging his uncle, Cladius.

The Effects Of HIV Mutations On The Immune System Science C.J. Stimson Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of HIV Mutations On The Immune System Science C.J. Stimson Essay INTRODUCTIONThe topic of this paper is the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, and whether or not mutations undergone by the virus allow it to survive in the immune system. The cost of treating all persons with AIDS in 1993 in the United States was $7.8 billion, and it is estimated that 20,000 new cases of AIDS are reported every 3 months to the CDC. This question dealing with how HIV survives in the immune system is of critical importance, not only in the search for a cure for the virus and its inevitable syndrome, AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), but also so that over 500,000 Americans already infected with the virus could be saved. This is possible because if we know that HIV survives through mutations then we might be able to come up with a type of drug to retard these mutations allowing the immune system time to expunge it before the onset of AIDS. BACKGROUNDIn order to be able to fully comprehend and analyze this question we must first ascertain what HIV is, how the body attempts to counter the effects of viruses in general, and how HIV infects the body. DefinitionHIV is the virus that causes AIDS. We will write a custom essay on The Effects Of HIV Mutations On The Immune System Science C.J. Stimson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now HIV is classified as a RNA Retrovirus. A retrovirus uses RNA templates to produce DNA. For example, within the core of HIV is a double molecule of ribonucleic acid, RNA. When the virus invades a cell, this genetic material is replicated in the form of DNA . But, in order to do so, HIV must first be able to produce a particular enzyme that can construct a DNA molecule using an RNA template. This enzyme, called RNA-directed DNA polymerase, is also referred to as reverse transcriptase because it reverses the normal cellular process of transcription. The DNA molecules produced by reverse transcription are then inserted into the genetic material of the host cell, where they are co-replicated with the hosts chromosomes; they are thereby distributed to all daughter cells during subsequent cell divisions. Then in one or more of these daughter cells, the virus produces RNA copies of its genetic material. These new HIV clones become covered with protein coats and leave the cell to find other host cells where they can repeat the life cycle. The Body Fights BackAs viruses begin to invade the body, a few are consumed by macrophages, which seize their antigens and display them on their own surfaces. Among millions of helper T cells circulating in the bloodstream, a select few are programmed to ?read? that antigen. Binding the macrophage, the T cell becomes activated. Once activated, helper T cells begin to multiply. They then stimulate the multiplication of those few killer T cells and B cells that are sensitive to the invading viruses. As the number of B cells increases, helper T cells signal them to start producing antibodies. Meanwhile, some of the viruses have entered cells of the body the only place they are able to replicate. Killer T cells will sacrifice these cells by chemically puncturing their membranes, letting the contents spill out, thus disrupting the viral replication cycle. Antibodies then neutralize the viruses by binding directly to their surfaces, preventing them from attacking other cells. Additionally, they precipitate chemical reactions that actually destroy the infected cells. As the infection is contained, suppresser T cells halt the entire range of immune responses, preventing them from spiraling out of control. Memory T and B cells are left in the blood and lymphatic system, ready to move quickly should the same virus once again invade the body. HIVs Life CycleIn the initial stage of HIV infection, the virus colonizes helper T cells, specifically CD4+ cells, and macrophages, while replicating itself relatively unnoticed. As the amount of the virus soars, the number of helper cells falls; macrophages die as well. The infected T cells perish as thousands of new viral particles erupt from the cell membrane. Soon, though, cytotoxic T and B lymphocytes kill many virus-infected cells and viral particles. These effects limit viral growth and allow the body an opportunity to temporarily restore its supply of helper cells to almost normal concentrations. It is at this time the virus enters its second stage.Throughout this second phase the immune system functions well, and the net concentration of measurable virus remains relatively low. .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 , .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .postImageUrl , .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 , .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40:hover , .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40:visited , .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40:active { border:0!important; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40:active , .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40 .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa17ec01275f8cf402c7fd6b77b00f40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: George Bush Essay Paper But after a period of time, the viral level rises gradually, in parallel with a decline in the helper population. These helper T and B lymphocytes are not lost because the bodys ability to produce new helper cells is impaired, but because the virus and cytotoxic cells are destroying them. This idea that HIV is not just evading the immune system but attacking and disabling it is what distinguishes HIV from other retroviruses.THE THEORIESThe hypothesis in question is whether or not the mutations undergone by HIV allow it to survive in the immune system. This idea was conceived by Martin A. Nowak, an immunologist at the University of Oxford, and his coworkers when they considered how HIV is able to avoid being detected by the immune system after it has infected CD4+ cells. The basis for this hypothesis was excogitated from the evolutionary theory and Nowaks own theory on HIV survival. Evolutionary TheoryThe evolutionary theory states that chance mutation in the genetic material of an individual organism sometimes yields a trait that gives the organism a survival advantage. That is, the affected individual is better able than its peers to overcome obstacles to survival and is also better able to reproduce prolifically. As time goes by, offspring that share the same trait become most abundant in the population, outcompeting other members until another individual acquires a more adaptive trait or until environmental conditions change in a way that favors different characteristics. The pressures exerted by the environment, then, determine which traits are selected for spread in a population. Nowaks Theory on HIV SurvivalWhen Nowak considered HIVs life cycle it seemed evident that the microbe was particularly well suited to evolve away from any pressures it confronted (this idea being derived from the evolutionary theory). For example, its genetic makeup changes constantly; a high mutation rate increases the probability that some genetic change will give rise to an advantageous trait. This great genetic variability stems from a property of the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase. As stated above, in a cell, HIV uses reverse transcriptase to copy its RNA genome into double-strand DNA. The virus mutates rapidly during this process because reverse transcriptase is rather error prone. It has been estimated that each time the enzyme copies RNA into DNA, the new DNA on average differs from that of the previous generation in one site. This pattern makes HIV one of the most variable viruses known.HIVs high replication rate further increases the odds that a mutation useful to the virus will arise. To fully appreciate the extent of HIV multiplication, look at the numbers published on it; a billion new viral particles are produced in an infected patient each day, and in the absence of immune activity, the viral population would on average double every two days. With the knowledge of HIVs great evolutionary potential in mind, Nowak and his colleagues conceived a scenario they thought could explain how the virus resists complete eradication and thus causes AIDS, usually after a long time span. Their proposal assumed that constant mutation in viral genes would lead to continuous production of viral variants able to evade the immune defenses operating at any given time. Those variants would emerge when genetic mutations led to changes in the structure of viral peptides recognized by the immune system. Frequently such changes exert no effect on immune activities, but sometimes they can cause a peptide to become invisible to the bodys defenses. The affected viral particles, bearing fewer recognizable peptides, would then become more difficult for the immune system to detect. The ModelUsing the theory that he had developed on the survival of HIV, along with the evolutionary theory, Nowak devised a model to simulate the dynamics and growth of the virus. The equations that formed the heart of the model reflected features that Nowak and his colleagues thought were important in the progression of HIV infection: the virus impairs immune function mainly by causing the death of CD4+ helper T cells, and higher levels of virus result in more T cell death. Also, the virus continuously produces escape mutants that avoid to some degree the current immunologic attack, and these mutants spread in the viral population. .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 , .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .postImageUrl , .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 , .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83:hover , .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83:visited , .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83:active { border:0!important; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83:active , .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83 .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ued1dd219f99f8d885e44bd354a99cb83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kaiser William II - Cause of World War I Essay After awhile, the immune system finds the mutants efficiently, causing their population to shrink.The simulation managed to reproduce the typically long delay between infection by HIV and the eventual sharp rise in viral levels in the body. It also provided an explanation for why the cycle of escape and repression does not go on indefinitely but culminates in uncontrolled viral replication, the almost complete loss of the helper T cell population and the onset of AIDS.After the immune system becomes more active, survival becomes more complicated for HIV. It is no longer enough to replicate freely; the virus also has to be able to ward off immune attacks. Now is when Nowak predicts that selection pressure will produce increasing diversity in peptides recognized by immune forces. Once the defensive system has collapsed and is no longer an obstacle to viral survival, the pressure to diversify evaporates. In patients with AIDS, we would again anticipate selection for the fastest-growing variants and a decrease in viral diversity. Long-term studies involving a small number of patients have confirmed some of the modeling predictions. These investigations, conducted by several researchersincluding Andrew J. Leigh Brown of the University of Edinburgh, et al.tracked the evolution of the so-called V3 segment of a protein in the outer envelop of HIV for several years. V3 is a major target for antibodies and is highly variable. As the computer simulation predicted, viral samples obtained within a few weeks after patients become infected were alike in the V3 region. But during subsequent years, the region diversified, thus causing a rapid increase in the amount of V3 variants and a progressive decrease in the CD4+ cell count.The model presented by Nowak is extremely difficult to verify with clinical tests alone, largely because the diversified interactions between the virus and the immune system are impossible to monitor in detail. Consequently, Nowak turned to a computer simulation in which an initially homogeneous viral population evolved in response to immunologic pressure. He reasoned that if the mathematical model produced the known patterns of HIV progression, he could conclude the evolutionary scenario had some merit. To verify his model, he turned to the experiments done on the V3 protein segment in HIV. These experiments demonstrated that the peptides were mutating and that these mutations were leading to a decline in helper lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONBefore we begin to answer the question that this paper is investigating, an evaluation of our primary experiment source is necessary, this being a publication of Nowaks model. Upon evaluation of this source, a problem is exposed, this being that because there was no experiment performed to substantiate this model, we have no idea if the modeling predictions are true. Although there were previous non-directly related experiments ( i.e. , V3 experiment) that Nowak referred to to rationalize his model there was never an experiment done solely based on the model. Because the V3 findings were in accord with the findings of Nowaks model, we can assume that the model has some merit.This absence of an experiment is what leads to the boundaries that one encounters when experimenting with HIV mutations. These boundaries being that because HIV replicates and mutates non-linearly, it is impossible to chronicle all its viral dynamics scrupulously. The lack of experimental data based on Nowaks model along with the inadequacy of experiments dealing with HIV mutations leads to the conclusion that at present, there is no answer to this question. Although, other questions have been exposed, including: does the virus mutate at random or is it systematic? And how does the virus know where to mutate in order to continue surviving undetected?These are all questions that must first be answered before we even begin to try to determine if viral mutations are what allows HIV to survive in the immune system.