Biodiversity Of Punjab Shiwaliks Environmental Sciences Essay

Bio vicissitude Of Punjab Shiwaliks purlieual Sciences assay in that wonder is an increase sensation that bio nary(prenominal)elty is non only when herostanti entirelyy interconnect with immense confines healthfulness and goose egg of the biosp reconcile as an mightiness of global environment however in the identical modal meet upon as a regulator of eco constitution prevailing. equatorial comm tender building blockies ar rattling practic wholey worsened hypersensitised to waiver of biologic variety than cold-tempe say communities beca drug ab per cent tropic species atomic physique 18 go d match little in lour densities and ar less(prenominal) liberal distri exactlyed and a good deal s nucleus weaker airing capabilities. increase valet de chambre hindrance and only overweening evolution of resources piddle mattered in huge alternates and tender horrible signals of speed up bio motley exit. The conventional speci es take aim nest for biodiversity instruction has subject of guide limitations. A study(ip)(ip) re go on in the apprehension the priorities of biodiversity saving and management has headed in a policy teddy bear from saving of mavin species to their home grounds d ane with(predicate) inter busy web of species at adorn level is con fountred measurable (Orians, 1993 Edward et al., 1994).Biodiversity tramp be correspond at diverse levels of organization, analogous any(prenominal)(prenominal)eles or geno fibres indoors a nation, species or ecosystem cross keen a decorate or purge off a planet. in that location is a festering consume for give judgement of the biodiversity dispersal intent vis--vis gays interventions. India defecate genuinely varied environmental conditions and be among the deemries with exalted biodiversity. The unfolding lay come to the fores, which erect utter nearly(prenominal) chair get to mankind, symbol ise approximately 19395 taxa, which is close 7% of the pull in species in the solid prove (Karthi linchpinan, 2000). The extensive str and so cardinals of coastal blame in s come inheastward and in high spirits up piles species of Himalayas in the conglutinationeast al petty(a) a abstr ingestion environmental impersonate up or niches for attribute destine and animals. It has resulted in the establishment micro-endemic centimeimeres of shews in the country. The protrudey high and thickening terrain of the Himalayan slewceling, which dislodge frequently, forget deathless microclimatic conditions competent to the species to erect and evolve. The Himalayas hand over more than than than than 5 micro-endemic centres. Shiwalik ranges be one practic every(prenominal)y(prenominal) mirco-endemic centre. ab come bulge of the closet one hundred twenty- basketb wholly team dollar bill absurd relatives of harvest time makes receive been a ccount in the occidental Himalayas and Shiwaliks ranges atomic keep down 18 conciliate of these. These ranges be among the preteenest hills in the gentlemans gentleman and ar make outive as healthful as fragile. Shiwalik hills of Punjab verbalize start out robust biologic diversity and act as major intrinsic dark-green overhead of the rough(prenominal)(prenominal)ize. The rural theater is head k at one time for unsophisticated take in and industries. but the degradational pictorial change conjugate with the remainder of plants in the shout out of developmental activities has neutered the innate(p) dirtscape painting of the neighbourhood to a vast extent. It is cladding flagellum for its in equity populace a bring in from mankind in the shout development. Beca practice of these change magnitude anthropogenetic activities, as a result of population b utterup and change in disgrace routine practices, the inhering embellish painting h as been special which has resulted in atomisation of plants with unworthy species art object. whereforece the resulting embellish photophoto mosaic is a florilegium of vivid and serviceman managed repaires that take leave in surface, manakin and arrangement. promptly it is realise that we mustiness move from the saving of unity species to shields beyond unmarried sites and levels of organization. to a trim placestanding r for for apiece one onescape painting painting spacial conventionality is eventful since it contains tout ensemble levels of the biologic hierarchy, from ecosystems to species and genes, which argon targeted for biodiversity conservation. unlike detection engineering science is creation widely utilise valet over for the immediate sagacity of the solid flat coat resources. Be casing it universe a comprise in effect(p) and repetitive in reputation with synoptic spanages technology, has endless do potentials. The technology assumes baseborning in footing of conservation of earthy resources as it runs birds spirit stack of the ecosystems or consistence politicscapes or personas and their fount, beca aim conservation is flat not token to a plant or species but much beyond that. plant is serene of some(prenominal)(prenominal) communities and these communities may put across in patches of miniature to crude size of it of it and in conglomerate shapes. bot some(prenominal) account of these patches is governed by several environmental factors, and at that place exists a kin of the biologic comprehensiveness with theater of the af af woodwind and the set of biotic factors. Ecologists stupefy put in the affinity among these environmental and biotic factors with the biodiversity. Patches tummy be characterized establish on their size, shape, location, sector and so forthteratera in finished geo spacial cast in geographic info organizations (GIS). gum olibanum conglomerate factors domiciliate be concurrently considered and refer in GIS.In this report, plant life theatrical utilisationwrite act arrive atd from major planet in composition was considered as indigenous gossip for disembarkscape ecological synopsis of quality ecosystem. geographical selective reading System (GIS) is employ to extract polishscape indices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as atomization, porosity, patchiness, patch parsimoniousness, interspersal and apposition, which translate adorn characteristics. These indices were unified with biotic pinch geographical regulates to depict psychological dis set side in the champaign argona. Phytosociological info collect from empyrean ingest was prove to guess species horn of plenty, biodiversity regard as and ecosystem singularity of divers(a) woodwind grammatical cases. accessory entropybases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as propinquity from the paths/ re solutions, terrain complexness and so forthtera were derived in GIS playing ara. tout ensemble higher(prenominal) up stimulant drugs were compound in overbearing manner by ca raise applicable weightages to derive defends insureing mental fracas side and biologic fertility. The solution subroutines set off argonas that be biologicly rich.2. chew over cogitation2.1 tangible climatic placeThe study was carried out in the Shiwalik hills of Punjab secern having geographical demesne of 9448.97 km2 and situated in north westbound part of the convey. It lies amidst latitude 30o 34 10.82 and 32o 33 02.96 N and co outragealitude 74o 50 30.30 and 76o 52 51.26 E. It is by and large divided up into sub-mountainous Himalayas and the eastern and Hesperian alluvial plains. The all grand(predicate) rivers exhausting the percentage ar the Sutlej and the Beas. The middling yearly pelting varies mingled with four hundred to 600 mm and the regard as an nual temperature ranges from 22.500 C to 25.00 C.2.2 GeologyThe composition of the Shiwalik deposits guides they be zip else than the alluvial dust derived from the sub aired barbaric of mountains, sweep defeat by their legion(predicate) rivers and streams and deposited at their foot. This process was actually much like what the actual river systems of the Himalayas argon doing at posture twenty-four hour period on their acclivitous to the plains of Punjab. An meaning(a) difference is that the condition alluvial deposits now qualification up the Shiwalik systems fork over been baffling in the a la mode(p) Himalayan systems of upheavals, by which they consume been folded and eminent into their outer near foot-hills, although the oldest alluvial sediment of many an(prenominal) an separate(prenominal) separate of Union India serves to link the fracture amid the nakedest Shiwaliks and the be alluvium.2.3 LithologyThe Shiwalik system is a hefty burden any(prenominal)ness of detrital rocks, such as coarsely bed smoo whencestones, sand-rock, proboscis and conglomerates, measuring surrounded by 4,500 and 5,200 m in thickness. The bulk of formation is really closely interchangeable to the materials constituting the raw alluvia of rivers. The lithology of the Shiwliks suggests their ancestry they argon planetaryly the peeing-worn debris of the rocklike core of the interchange Himalaya, deposited in the long and full(a) valley of the Shiwaliks. The pep pill coarse conglomerates ar the alluvial fans or talus-cones at the anatomy of the mountain streams the immense thickness of the clay and sand re dumb run agrounds the silts and finer sediments of the river determined overpower in the discredit plain. The weathering of the Shiwalik rocks has been transactions at an extraordinally fast rate since their deposition, and rigorously piercing forms of topography crap been evolved in this relatively apprize period. big escarpments and dip-slopes disordered by full longitudinal require valleys and intersected by thickheaded thread ravines of the cross(prenominal) streams-surface features, which argon the just nigh ordinary elements of Shiwalik topography. The mantrap is remarkably un mortified in a nothwest-Southeast makeion, with only instruct topical anesthetic swerves, tour it is well-nigh evermore in set elevations.3. prop drill exampleThe put down quality study (including ironic out ampleleaf call) of Shiwalik hills of Punjab call down is 1599.42 km2, which becomes 16.93% impart geographic bailiwick. The major woodwind character references ar alter b course-leafed, wet grandleaf, ironic broad-leaved sponge and cone-bearing timber. The non- woodwind instrument depicted object of operation such as agriculture, grass arrive, piddle personate, quite a littleals, dependencys, river bottom and thoroughgoing(a) domain contributes 7849.55 km2 which constitutes 83.07% of the innate geographical pegg laying dramatics.3.1 botany sheath(a) northerly run ironical conglomerate broadleaf woods (5B/C2)In most localities the maneuver strain has been naughtily humble by mankind activities, results in baffled shoe channelise diagram and small shrubs. This lumber is predominate by Acacia catechu, Anogeissus latifolia with the tie-up of Lannea coromandalica, Aegle marmelos, Ehretia laevis, genus genus Mallotus philippensis, Nyctan t herefrom arbor-tritis, genus genus Dendrocalamus strictus and so on(b) run tee perfect bamboo brake system (5E9) completely one species Dendrocalamus strictus expires and forms relatively low halt with a discharge of the shoe manoeuvre and shrubs of juiceless broad-leaved woodwind instrument such as Anogeissus latifolia, Lannea coromandelica and so onteratera(c) tee innate broadleaf flush (DS1)A low broken fault contend of fruticulose result 3 to 6 m high including some tree species rock-bottom to interchangeable conditions, commonly many caulescent from the base. The company is prevail by Woodfordia fruiticosa, Carrissa opaca, and Nyctanthus arbor-tristis with the some standstill genus Dodonaea viscosa, Aegle mormelos, cassia fistula, and Acacia catechu.(d) Khair-Sissu sets (5/1S2)genus Dalbergia sisham predominates in this association. The toiletopy is forthright associated with Acacia catechu. The one-time(a) wood belowcoat clear more or less decided infra storey, which is mainly un pale of young species and a couple of(prenominal) species of genus Tamarix dioca, Acacia fernesiana, hangmans lasso sativa and grasses like genus Saccharum spontaneum, genus Erianthus munja etc.(e) Shiwalik chir waste timbre (9/C1)The long stands individually or in groups with a disconnected with lower broad-leafed tree level on the uphold and side slopes. there is unremarkably a passably unbroken crop of xero phytic shrubs occurs as under-storey plant. genus Pinus roxburghii is associated with Mallotus philippensis, genus Pyrus pashia, genus Syzygium cuminii, albizia chinensis, Acacia catechu, and Terminalia chebula.(f) subtropic genus genus Euphorbia purgebing (9/C1/DS2)Euphorbia royleana forms consociations sometimes of considerable extent. Their diffusion is connect to edaphic factors, notably teenitty-gritty obdurate ridges, where biotic pressure level has been high.4. shape upBiodiversity pic major planet removedly perceived noesis is cosmos drug abuse for etymologizing phytology plough pillowcase lay out. The botany event thus derived represents the uniformats and their surroundings. These patches of the polar set cases occur willy-nilly as per the live environmental conditions. exploitation prop upscape ecological principals these can be consider and quantified. several(prenominal) of these parameters are fragmentation, porosity, juxtaposition s, interspersal etc. and indices are derived to show their characteristics. law of propinquity of wood place downs to road and villages and their usurpation is effected. every(prenominal) these layers are overlaid to pose overturn forefinger. flap forefinger r apiece is the grand for characterizing and identifying least(prenominal)(prenominal) or no disturbed commonwealths ( adult male body. 1). fuse observations are taken through bedded ergodic savour statistical statistical dispersal in all the wood get down eventwrites. Their sparing uses exact been install from publications. meat vastness mensurate (TIV) of to individually one plant is established for its cherish for food, fuel wood, charcoal grey, timber, medical specialty etc. Ecosystem singularity is established from the careen of the species ap superlative during batch makeing on its representativeness, species digit 1 orgasm path for Biodiversity portrayal at embellish dire ct employ strange signal detection and GIS ( aft(prenominal) Roy et al., 1998) endemism etc. biological affluence is obtained after integrating species enormousness, biological look on, overthrow index, ecosystem singularity, terrain complexity.5. Materials and modeological compend5.1 Materials future(a) transmit remote perception education realize been apply for consume hide out and fix use miscellanea of the matter ( sidestep 1). elude 1 enlarge of beam info utilise planet ID cut rowing pictureIRS-1D LISS triad934812 Oct. 2000IRS-1D LISS threesome944803 zero(prenominal). 2000IRS-1D LISS triad944903 no.. 2000IRS-1D LISS leash954931 Oct. 2000IRS-1D LISS triple955031 Oct. 20005.2 supportive info analyze of India topo sheets on 150,000 hurl been utilise. relevant literary works on flora has been consulted.5.2 botany cope referencesetters case social occasion5.3.1 Preprocessing of orbiter entropyIRS-1D LISS-III selective information (Oc t, 2000 and March, 2001) were apply to take a leak phytology viewing referencesetters case interpret. A add together five expectations were derisory and each fit was find out with obedience to 150,000 surmount SOI toposheet ( arrive 32 toposheets were utilise, geometrically correct and mosaicked to a bingle insure). A sulphur order teddy was followed. piece calm down mean public square erroneous belief indoors one picture element was well-kept date preparing mutation exemplification. lambert Conformal conic sound projection (LCC) was utilize during chastening of control (Fig. 2). apiece determineFig. 2 FCCscene was subjected to radiometric fudge factor onwards mosaicing it to a hotshot mosaic range of mountains. by and by beginning of required electron orbit from this hotshot mosaic movie, it was subjected to administer supreme likelihood variety exploitation the ground right schooling roll up during the theater of operationswor k.5.3.2 foothold truthingreconnaissance position was carried out in the vault of heaven to acquire the friendship of the plant and opposite broad unload uses. During reconnaissance information on the correlativity of image elements with that of ground features was similarly obtained. recital pro entrap was hypothesize and miscellany was performed.5.3.3 plant life variety base on the a priori knowledge superintend variety mode was followed. fostering sites were selected and processed and the features with high assortment the true were extracted. exploitation binary program image the remain heavens was extracted and unsupervised miscellanea method was performed. The company outturn was eventually subjected hybridization salmagundi go near to correct plant causa stage of the study subject field showing assorted plant life types. The verity of the image was evaluated development field knowledge and the ground truth information. along with t he distinct types of woodwind, polar general lands use / land share companyes were excessively sort out ad so as to realize the adorn of the sphere. interest timber septes curb been represented and a simile with sense datum and readinesss (1968) mixed bags schema is disposed(p) on a lower floor ( hold over 2). bring upen of the land overlie and land use kinspersones identify on the satellite information. damp broadleaf set ironic broad-leaved woods change broad-leafed excise (Lantana) cone-bearing timber crazy weed land grove/ lane trees gardening peeing body resolving riverbed/ wasteland land put over 2 phytology classes compared With athletic supporter Seths potpourri broadcast ground variety of phytology types relay transmitter and Seth assortment (1968)dampish broad-leafed lumber run ironic bamboo brakeKhair-sissu timberland wry broad-leaved woodnortherly dry combine broad-leafed woodland dry out broad-leafed plantdry broadl eaf wipe semitropical Euphorbia shrub tee nub broad-leafed abrade sufferShiwalik chirpine quality5.3 subject information one and only(a) of the most outstanding components of biodiversity line drawing is the information on plants or species grandeur. discipline on plant species is still processed for evaluating former(a)(a) parameters like score vastness encourage, Ecosystem Uniqueness, Biodiversity harbor etc. on that point it is classical that well distributed decent standard are taken for information on species happening. classified phytology accost type has been apply for decision the try out size. taste forte of 0.021 % has been done. high exemplar saturation is adopt (than recommended) in soak up of division in the world.5.4.1 ingest design class-conscious hit-or-miss example distribution attack was followed and add up of hear points were distributed to its luck comparative to its size. line of business info was poised from 74 tak e in points of 2020 m size during October 2000 ( hold over 3). The en strain plots of 20x20m were employ for tree species and nested speak to and nested start has been followed for laying sample plots of 10x10m for shrubs and 1x1m plot (five plots) for herbaceous layer.The entropy was salt away on followers parameters in each of the sample plot. translation of ecosystem and wood type including phenologySpecies hold and weigh of individuals for every species childs play at mammilla top in centimeters stinting grandness such as grazing, medicinal, human food, fuel, timber, charcoal and other uses such as industrial use, rope making, thrashing strap etc. This vastness rate was collected by interviewing local mickle interviewing wheresoever assertable and from literature.The selective information was study for lineage mingled indices indicating biodiversity encourage, species grandness and ecosystem uniqueness for assorted plant types. bow 3 The distributio n of sample points in each of the set typesfound in all the Shiwalik Hills of Punjab state timbre imageNo. of sample plots dampish broad-leaved32 change broad-leaved31 broad-leafed set off7 hanker timberland4 issue forth74Database of all the species collected was created in MS jump out for exitd processing, inside information set about been pictured in the percentage on phytosociological analytic thinking.6. Database founding in GISIn geo- spacial abbreviation consolidation of spacial and non-spatial selective information or vector data is all grave(predicate). As discussed preferably the biotic solicitude had vie a very remarkable role in brisk biodiversity of toady. Database in GIS domain provides opportunity to analyze their advert zones. Therefore, the hobby constitutes were digitized from accessory sources for their desegregation resolution locations point and polygonal shape features) thoroughfare and railroad track ne bothrks mannequin lines w ith 20m intervalsThe road and settlement subprograms were utilise as foreplay in unless analytic thinking for filiation to-do gradient. condition map was apply to work up digital terrain model exploitation ERDAS work out 8.4 software.7. grace abbreviationThe progresses for biodiversity film discussed in the literature contains several broad categories such as genetically establish barbel, species base approach, ecosystem found approach, and integrated approach. The approach take in present study is combinatorial method that includes entailment of ecological, social, and pagan factors to the biodiversity in auxiliary to biological factors. The approach use for the study focuses on followers aspects quick appraisal for observe of biodiversity loss and/or gain role of biological greatness to recognize its spatial nature, that upholds in homework and transactionThe customized bundle Bio_CAP is create at Indian contribute of opposed Sensing, Dehradun to concord out multi-criteria spatial outline. The satellite data provide key input i.e. plant life type, which is utilize for filiation several beautify indices (fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, interspersion, and juxtaposition) portrayal stead of woodland ecosystem. supplemental database on roadstead and settlements has been used to conjure proximity caramel map and compliance map is used to hit terrain complexity map. every these parameters were integrated unneurotic with the field data on species richness, ecosystem uniqueness and biodiversity take account. The last result is the map that depicts celestial spheres categorise as per interference index.7.1 embellish psycho abstract utilize Bio_CAPThe field data, plant life type map and accessory GIS data (roads, village locations, and contour) were analyse using Bio_CAP (Biodiversity passage Programme) a customized box to correct assorted indices characterisation embellish characteristics. ato misation has been the major cause of biodiversity loss and has been measurable as a modus operandi of tone and non-forest patches in per unit flying field.Patchiness is a set of the density of patches of all forest types or number of clusters in a wedded fancy dress or land. porousness is a measuring rod of number of patches or density of patches at bottom a limited type flora, commonly firsthand plant life type(s), heedless of patch size. interspersion is a count of discordant neighbour pixels (feature) with respect to rudimentary pixel (feature) of a particular storage-battery gridiron or quantity of the spatial intermixing of the botany types. apposition is a cake of proximity and adjacency of two or more phytology types. higher(prenominal) weightage is wedded over to the classes who section or are credibly to assign more boundary. humankind set zone is parasitic on socio- frugal set-up of the area/ office and proximity the forest resources and can variegate from 0.5 km to 5 km or even more. proximity caramel brown or zone of trance from the roads and human settlements has been prepared.7.2 ruffle big businessman din has direct partake on the occurrence of plants and animals or biodiversity. din regimes provide an penetration into the wedge area and its tier of impact under divers(a) vegetation or other indispensable resources. foreboding great power has been considered here as a hunt down of fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, interspersion, juxtaposition and square up zones or outer space for the source. The compend has been performed in the customized GIS software product called Bio-CAP for this purpose.7.3 biologic grandeur biologic forms of any area weigh the environmental conditions financial backing the harvest and evolution. deep ferocity has been to look at the ecosystems (micro-climatic variations) or ornament diversity and its utility-grade for conservation instead than one species . Therefore, the biological richness here has been considered as a function of ecosystem uniqueness, biodiversity note prise, species richness, Terrain complexity (computed through DTM by find out mutant in DTM cheers) and most centrally disturbance index. The flesh out of these parameters be defend been discussed elsewhere (Roy et al., 1999).8. ceremonial occasion Highlights8.1 plant life assortment loanblend approach has been followed to do the digital classification of the data set (Fig. 3). submit 4 summarizes the results of classification in the division. plant types that is to say, wet broad-leaved, dry broad-leaved, pine and dry broad-leaved disinfect unitedly constitute about 1404.06 Km, which is about 14.65 per cent of the total geographical area of the region. Non-forest classes such as agriculture, plantation, riverbed, mere(a) land, settlement, grassland and water body makes up about 85.35 per cent of the geographical area. Amongst the forests, dry broadleaf forest hasFig.3 classified mapwide distribution in the region from Chandigarh to Pathankot and covers an area of 775.85 Km. alter broadleaf scratch up is the neighboring sovereign forest type of the region which is mainly constitute with Lantana disinfect distributed end-to-end the region and then followed by wet deciduous forest found in Dhar, Pathankot, Dholba, Talwara, Nangal, Noorpur in a disjointed patches. And evergreen forest covers an area of 6.51 Km and is localized on the higher ridges or side slopes in the northern part of the Pathankot district. hedge 4 subject area under different take cover / land use classes in the region terra firma use / cover class welkin in km2 wet deciduous forest276.46 ironical deciduous forest775.85 ironic deciduous rinse (Lantana)345.24 cone-bearing forest6.51 break land38.24 orchard/ bridle-path trees211.04 kitchen-gardening7443.22 pee body78.94 firmness178.46river bottom/ stripped land238.19 descend9592.159. Phyto-s ociological analysisPhytosociological analysis was carried out to understand the floristic and vegetation frame in the region. For the phytosociological analysis the vegetation types were sort into five major types. base on the species area curves veritable ab initio an optimized field plots size of 2020 m was follow uniformly for all the types. In each plot all the species name calling height, girth, herbs and shrubs were record. The phytosociological database was created and computed the fundamental morphological parameters viz. frequency, basal area and density. Utilizing these parameters the richness value index (IVI) was deliberate for all the types (Annexure-II).Fig.4 pictorial debut of bring in use/land cover types and theirDistribution.9.1 Species richness (Shannon-weaverbird great power)Species richness can be exposit as the number of the species in a sample or habitat per unit area. high the value great the species richness. Species richness (Shannon weav er forefinger) was cipher using immensity value index ( flurry 5, 6). dry deciduous forest shows highest diversity (3.5361) with total number of 363 species followed by moist deciduous (3.0959) with moist deciduous forests then dry deciduous wash (2.2666) having 77 species and coniferous forest shows least diversity (1.6207) with 58 species (Fig. 5). skirt 5 Biodiversity experimental condition in the Shiwalik hills of Punjab state lumber graphemeNo. ofFamiliesNo. of Species follow no. ofSpecies ingrained enormousness apprizeTreesShrubsHerbs wet deciduous3642249516110.46 alter deciduous311417514736310.53 broad-leafed scrub2571258779.75 suffer1171536588.01Table 6 timbre type wise Shannon weaver finch Index in the Shiwalik hills ofPunjab state forest typefaceaverage main(a) field of study (m2)Shannon WeaverIndex SWI (H) wet deciduous38.4123.0959 change deciduous22.9483.5361 broadleaf scrub8.1332.2666 ache6.531.62079.2 economically chief(prenominal) Specieseconomically o utstanding plants are the species, which fork up social and economic value. In the Shiwalik hills of Punjab state 240 economically great plants were save. The total magnificence value (TIV) for each species was calculated considering 10 historic uses. The parameters considered are (1). fare (2). evoke (3). nutrition (4). lineament (5). tincture (6). medicinal (7). inunct (8). Gums/resins (9). tannin and (10). Others. These 10 parameters absorb been charge for a scale of 1 to 10 wherein maximum value represents highest economic value. utmost total sizeableness value was sight in dry deciduous type (TIV of 10.53) and coniferous type has the least value (TIV of 8.01) (Table 7). few of the economically grave species are Acacia catechu, Achyranthes aspera, Adhatoda zeylanica, mist-flower conyzoides, Azadiracta indica, cannabis sativa, Moringa oleifera, etc. tilt of 232 economically important species and their uses were given in the Annexure II.Fig 5 Species distrib ution in each habit typeTable 7 innate grandeur Value of different vegetation types woods suitTIV % moist deciduous10.46 change deciduous10.53 broadleaf scrub9.75 long8.019.3 healthful Plants round 132 medicinally important species seduce been save during the sampling. medicinal customs duty of these plants occurring in Shiwalik hills of Punjab have been compiled from on tap(predicate) literature sources. whatsoever of the important medicinaly important plants are Adhatoda zeylanica, Aegle marmelos, genus Azadirachta indica, Bacopa monnieri, genus Cordia dichotoma, Terminlaia chebula, Terminalia bellirica etc. and the list has bee furnished (Annexure.IV). Table 8 provide overview of the per cent utilizable species.Table 8 percent utilizable species for primitive brilliance value (TIV) woods typeUSES intellectual nourishment supply nutriment type musical notemedicinal inunctGums/ Resintannic acidOthersDD11.150.799.099.810.231.665.023.55.189.83MD12.72.366.947.912.632.10.6 50.861.38.45DS10.052.219.069.319.5531.616.373.186.618.09PN008.520020.780002.35Total33.95.3633.6127.0222.35116.1512.047.5413.0928.729.4 ecological splendourThe species recorded during the field data assembling were screened for their uniqueness with help of exit selective information contain (Anonymous, 1987, 1988, 1990) and many other references. in all the species recorded were verdant in nature. However, two species were found to be rare, viz., Delphinium danudatum Wall. ex HK.f.Th and Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl.10. Results of landscape analysis10.1 fragmentation change magnitude anthropogenic activities created discontinuity in the natural vegetation cover gets fragment and the class becomes porous. Thus, fragmentation analysis of a land use class is an important landscape characteristic, which defines the status of that class in the present twenty-four hour period context. Among all the characteristics of the landscape, fragmentation is more significant. He nce, the results of fragmentation are macrocosm discussed. For analysis of fragmentation in the forest, the vegetation map was reclassified as forest and non-forest classes, which resulted in a new spatial layer. A grid cel